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AMIEL. 1885). Consult also, Bourget, Nouveaux Essais (Paris, 1885).

AMIENS, li'inyaN' (From the Lat. Ambiani, the name of a Belgic tribe; literally "dwellers on the water;" compare Gadhel, abhain, abhuinne, water, a river). The capital of ancient Picardy and of the present French department of Somme, situated on the River Somme, 81 miles by rail from Paris (Map: France, J 2). The residential section is well built with wide, well-paved streets and fine squares. The business part of the town is crossed by several canals, and is rather unat- tractive. The old town is surrounded with boulevards, which occupy the site of the ancient fortifications, and there is in the western part of the town an extensive pleasure ground, the Promenade de la Hotoie, used for public concerts and festivals. The world-famous cathedral is situated in the eastern part of the city, facing the Place Notre Dame. Besides being the largest ecclesiastical edifice of France, the cathedral of Amiens is also one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in Europe. Its construction was begun in 1220 by the architect Robert de Luzarches. and was continued by Thomas de Cormont and his son Renault. It was finished in 1288, but many additions have been made since; the two side towers of the western façade, how- ever, are still unfinished. The length of the ca- thedral is 470 feet, that of the transept 213 feet, and the width of the nave 144 feet. The main façade has three lofty porches profusely decora- ted with statuary and other sculptural orna- ments. The central spire over the transept is very slender, and 360 feet in height. The inte- rior is also very imposing. The nave is 147 feet high, and the vaulting is supported by 126 col- umns. There are numerous chapels, and the transepts are covered with fine reliefs. At the sides of the nave are placed bronze statues of the two founders of the cathedral, and there are also large marble statues at the entrance to the choir. Besides the cathedral the most noteworthy build- ings are the town hall and the Château d'Eau, where the water works of the city are situated. Of educational establishments Amiens has a ly- ceum, a medical school, a theological seminary, a municipal library, with about 100,000 volumes and nearly 600 manuscripts, and the museum of Picardy, containing collections of antiquities, sculptures, and paintings. Amiens was of con- siderable industrial importance as early as the twelfth Century, and in the sixteenth century it became one of the largest centres of the textile industry in France. At present the chief manu- factures of Amiens are linen, woolens, silk, plush, and shoes. Amiens is the seat of a bishop and of a court of appeals. Pop., 1901, 90,758.

Amiens was anciently known as Samarobriva, and was the capital of the Gallic Ambiani. Cæsar included it in Gallia Belgica, and it became a Roman stronghold; Marcus Aurelius adorned it. In the fifth century it fell into the hands of the Franks. In 1185 Philip Augustus, in consolidating the kingdom, induced Philip of Alsace to cede it to the crown. The famous Treaty of Amiens between Great Britain on one side and France, Spain, and the Batavian Republic on the other, in which Great Britain recognized the changes made by France in the map of Europe, and gave up most of her recent conquests, was signed in the Hôtel de Ville on March 27, 1802. Among notable men born in this city was Peter the Hermit.

AMINA, a-nie'na. In Bellini's opera. La t-oiinambula, the heroine, an orphan, who walked in sleep.

AMIN'ADAB SLEEK. See Sleek, Amin-AUAi;.

AMINE, a-men'. The name of two characters in the Arabian Nights. (1) In the History of Sidi Nouman, his wife, whose habit of eating only so much rice as she could pick up on a bodkin excited his suspicions, and who, he discovered, partook of ghoulish feasts in the cemetery. She used also to lead her three sisters about like hounds. (2) In the story of Three Ladies of Bagdad, the half-sister of Zobeide and wife of Amin, the Caliph's son, who becomes estranged from her, but is reconciled.

AM'INES (Derived from ammonia). A gen- eral term applied in organic chemistry to an im- portant class of basic compounds derived by sub- stituting hydro-carbon radicles like methyl (CHj), ethyl (C.Hj), etc., for one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia (NHj). The com- pound CH-NK. is called methyl-amine; the com- pound (CHjjoNH — di-methyl-amine; the com- pound (CHsJaN — tri-methyl-amine. An amine derived by replacing one hydrogen atom of am- monia is called a primary amine; one derived by replacing two hydrogens is called a secondary amine; finally, one derived by replacing all of the hydrogen of ammonia is called a tertiary amine. The three compounds just mentioned are exam- ples, respectively, of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

The amines may be readily prepared by the action of halogen substitutive products of the hydrocarbons upon ammonia (Hofmann's method). Thus, by the action of mono-iodo- ethane (ethyl iodide) upon ammonia, one or more ethyl groups (C^Hj) are introduced into the molecule of ammonia (NH,), according to the following chemical equations, which usually take place simultaneously:

CHsI -h NHs = Ethyl- Ammonia iodide Ethyl-amine + HI Hydriodic acid + SHI . 2CaH5l + NH3 = (C2Ho)2NH Di-ethyl-amine . SC.HsI + NHs = (CJl6)3N + SHI Tri-ethyl-amine

As the amines are powerful bases, they combine, of course, with the hydriodic acid formed in these reactions, producing salts like C.HjNHJII, from which the amines are readily isolated by distilling with caustic alkalies.

Simultaneously with the above three reactions, a fourth reaction takes place: viz., between the halogen substitution product of the hydrocarbon and the tertiary amine produced in the third reaction. This fourth reaction, in the case of tri-ethyl-amine, is represented by the following equation:

. C,HJ -f (CJI,)3N = (C,H,),NI Ethyl-iodide Tri-cthyl-amine Tclr-clliyl-am. uioniiim iodide

The compound formed in this reaction is evidently ammonium iodide (H^NI), all the hydrogen of which has been replaced by ethyl-groups (C2H5); it is therefore named tetr-ethyl-ammonium-iodide. When treated in aqueous solution with silver hydroxide, it is transformed into