Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/50

ABBREVIATIONS. Ph.B. {philosopliiw baccalaureus), Bachelor of Philosophy. Ph.D. iphilosophicB doctor), Doctor of Philos- ophy. P.E., Protestant Episcopal. Ph.G., Graduate Pharmacist. P.L., Poet Laureate. P.M. {post meridiem), After noon; postmas- ter. pp. {pianissimo), Very softly. P.P., Parish priest. P.P.C. (Fr. pour prendre conge), To take leave. p., Page; pp., pages. pro tem. {pro tempore), For the time. pro.x. {proximo — mense understood), In the next (month). P.S. {post scriptum), Postscript. P.T.O., Please turn over. Q., Query or question. Q.C., Queen's Counsel. Q.E.D. {quod erat demonstrandum). Which was to be proved. Q.E.F. {quod erat faciendum), Which was to be done. Q.S. {qtiantum sufficit) , A sufficient quantity. q.v. {quod vide). Which see. R. {rex or regina), King or queen. Also, R. = Rtaumur. R. or B {recipe). Take. R.A., Royal Academician; Royal Artillery; Royal Arch. rail, {rallentando). More slowly. R.A.M., Royal Academy of Music. R.C., Roman Catholic. R.E., Royal Engineers. R.I.P. {requiescat in pace). May he rest in" peace. rit. {ritardando), More slowly. R.M., Royal Marines. R.N., Royal Navy. R.S.V.P. (Fr. repondez s'il vous plait). Please reply. R.V., Revised version. S., Saint; south: shilling; SS., saints. sc. (soi'/icet) , Namely; understood. sf. {sforzando) , With marked emphasis. S.J., Society of .Jesus. s.p. {sine prole). Without issue. S.P.Q.R. {senatus populusque Romanus) , The Senate and People of Rome. sq. {sequens). The following; sqq. in the plural. Sr., Senior. S.S., Steamship; Sunday school. St., Saint; street. S.T.D. {sanctce thcologiw doctor). Doctor of Divinity. S.T.P. {sanctre theologiw professor), Doctor of Divinity. sup. {supra), above. s.v. {sub voce). Under the heading. T.C.D., Trinity College, Dublin. Twp., Township. ult. (ultimo — mense understood), In the last (month) . XT. P., United Presbvterian. U.S., United States." U.S.A., United States of America: United States Army. U.S.N., United States Navy. V.C., Victoria Cross; Vice Chancellor. vs. {versus), Against. Consult, for a reproduction of 13,000 abbreviations used in old Latin MSS., Campelli, Dizionario di Abhreiiaiure (Milan, 1899).

ABBREVIA'TIO PLAC'ITO'BUM (Lat., abridgment or abstract of pleas). A record of judicial decisions in the itinerant Court of the King's Bench (cMrta regis, q.v.) in the Norman period of English law. It is one of the earliest collections of judicial precedents in our law, antedating the Year Books (q.v.). It was first published in 1811. See articles on Norman Law; Plea: Pleading; Master of the Rolls; and Report.

ABBRE'VIA'TORS. In the Papal Court, a college of eleven prelates to whom the revision of the papal bulls and other similar documents is committed, and who sign them in the name of the Cardinal Vice Chancellor. They date from Pius II. ( 14.")8-li4) . and derive their name from the fact that by means of traditional abbrevia- tions they prepared a short minute of the decis- ion, which they subsequently expanded into proper form.

ABBT, iipt, Thomas (1738-66). A German author, born at Ulm, educated at the University of Halle, and professor of mathematics at Rin- teln. He did much toward the improvement of the language of his country. Of his books the more important ai-e Vom Verdicnste (1765), and Vom Tod fiir's Vatetland (1701).

ABCHERON, ab'shf-ron', or ABSHERON. See Apsheron.

ABD, abd. In Arabic and in the Semitic languages in general, '"slave" or "servant." With the name of God, it enters into the composition of many proper names; as, Abd-Allali, "servant of Allan;" Abd al-Kader, seiv- ant of the mighty one;" Abd al-Latif, "servant of the gracious one," etc. In Hebrew, we have such names as Abdeel, "servant of God,"' "Abdi," but also the form "Ebed," and "Ebed melech." In Syriac and Assyrian we likewise have proper names compounded with this word under the forms Abad and Abdi respectively.

ABD ALLAH IBN ZUBAIR, abd ina 'b'n soo'bar' (622-692). Ruler of Mecca. He was the son of Zubair and nephew, by alliance, of the Prophet. Believing himself more entitled to the calipliate tlian Yazid, the son of the usurper, Abd Allah began to struggle for .supremacy after All's assassination. He seized Mecca, holding it against Yazid, Caliph of Damascus. During the siege the Kaaba was destroyed, but Yazid's death saved the city from capture. Abd Allah was acknowl- edged Caliph of Mecca, and rebuilt and restored the city by 685. The caliphs of Damascus re- 'newed the war, and Mecca was again besieged, and after a stubborn resistance was finally taken by assault, and Abd Allah, who retreated within the Kaaba. was slain.

ABD ALLAH IBN TASHFUR, tiish'fuor (died 1058). The founder of the Almoravide sect in Morocco, which in a short space of time, through the propaganda of the sword, became transformed into a temporal power, overran northern Africa and conquered ilohammedaii Spain. Though holding supreme avithority for a long time, he was content with no other title than that of "Theologian."

ABD-AL-LATIF, abd' al la-tef. See Abd- il-Latif.