Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/45

ABBOT. school in Maine and in Cambridge. Mass., until in 185U he boeanio assistant lilmuian uf Harvard I'niversity. From 1S72 till his deatli lie was Bussey Professor of Xcw Testament Criti- cism and Interpretation in the Divinity .School of Harvard Universitv. He received the degrees of LL.D. (Yale, 18G9: Bowdoin, 1878); S.T.D. (Harvard, 1872) ; D.D. (Edinburj^h, 1884). His industry, classical scholarship, wide acquain- tance with books, and rare capacity for retaining iiiiiuitc information made him a remarkable bibli- oyrapher and textual critic. lie won fame in the first direction by his valuable Litcniliire of the Doctrine of the Future Life (1804). append- ed to V. R. Alger's book on the subject, and by his bibliographical additions to Smith's liihlc Dictionary (American edition, Boston, 1807-70, 4 volumes), though the value of the additions is not commensurate with their number, as no critical distinctions were made between the books whose titles were so accurately given. But nuich wider was his fame in the second direction, for his acquaintance with the text of the Greek New Testament was recognized throughout the bibli- cal world, and gave him a place beside Lach- nutnn. Tischendorf, Tregelles, Scrivener. West- eott, and Hort. He was therefore an efficient member of the American Xew Testament Revis- iiin Company (1S71-81). and enabled it to boast textual scholarship ecpnil to the British. Into the revision he ])ut the most painstaking and accurate learning. He displayeil his attainments in ways which won him the hearty thanks of the authors he aided, but not nnich public recog- nition. Thus he was the coadjutor of Caspar Ren6 Gregory upon his prolegomena to the eighth major edition of Tischendorf's Greek New Testament (Leipzig, 1884-',)t, .'J parts); he revised the whole of Schatl's Compitnion to the Xrir Testament (New York, lSS;i) ; and greatly enriched E. C. Jlitchell's Critical llaniilmok of the .Veil- Testament (New York, 1880). His modesty made him indift'erent to fame, and he put his strength upon correcting other people's books and upon monographs which the scholarly world appreciated. These latter have been col- lected by .J. H. Thayer, and are published under the ca>tion, Critical Essiii/s ( Boston. 1888). Con- sult Barrows' sketch of Ezra A bhot ( Bi>ston, 1 884 ).

ABBOT, Francis Ellinowood (1836— ). An American writer on philosophy. He was born in Boston, Mass., and graduated at Harvard Uni- versity (1859) and the Meadville Theological School (1863). After having had charge of linitarian congregations from 180.3 to 1808, he turned to journalism, and from 1870 to 1880 edited a weekly journal, the Index, dcvot<'d to re- ligious topics. He has published Scientific Theism ( 1880), and The Way (hit of Agnosticism ( 18!)0).

ABBOT, George (I.ifi2-10.'!.S). Archbishop of Canterbury. He was born at fiuildford. Sur- rey, and was educated at Oxford (B... 1.582; M'.A. 1:38.5: D.D. 15!17). He took holy orders in 158.5 and rose rapidly. His prononiiced Puri- tanism brought him into coiifliit with William Laud. In lOOi) he was appointed Bishop of Cov- entry and Lichfield, and in 1010 lie was trans- hited to the see of London. In 1011 he was enthroned Archbishop of (^interbury. He owed these successive ajipointments to the marked favor of James I., and useii his exalted position to advance a narrow Protestantism and to perse- cute Roman Catholics. He also appeared in jiolitical life as the determined foe of Spain and France, largely because they were Roman Cath- olic countries. His courageous opposition to the King on several momentous occasions cost him after I0I3 much of the royal favor. While under a cloud he had the misfortune, when hunt- ing, accidentally to kill a gamekeeper. His enemies used the incident against him. Laud brought about a court of inquiry into the alleged infringement of canon law. and three persons designated to bislioprics refused to be conse- crated by him. The iiKiiiiry came to nothing, but the stigma remaincil. 'I'lie death of .lames I. (1025) was an additional misfortune to Abbot, as Charles I. was inllucnced by Laud. After 1027 he was practically deprived of the rights and privileges of his office. He died at Croydon, then the country residence of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, -Xugust 4, 1033. Of his writings the most popular was his commentary on the Book of Jonah (1000), which was reprinted with a life by Grace Webster (London, 1845).

ABBOT, (1831&mdash;). An American soldier and engineer. He was born at Beverly, Mass., and graduated at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1854, entering the corps of engineers, in which he served with distinction until his retirement in 1895. He was engaged in the survey for the Pacific Railroad and the hydrographic survey of the Mississippi River delta. During the Civil War he was engaged in engineering and artillery operations. He was wounded at the battle of Bull Run in 1861. In the operations around Richmond he commanded the siege artillery. At the close of the war he was brevetted Brigadier-General of United States Volunteers, and Major-General of the United States Army. For many years he was in command of the garrison of engineers at Willetts Point, N. Y., and while there developed the torpedo and submarine defense of the Long Island Sound approach to New York City and founded the school for engineers. In this connection he did much important work in military science, devoting himself to the design and construction of submarine mines and mortar batteries, as well as to the development of military engineering equipment and drill, and serving on the Gun Foundry Board, the Board on Fortifications and Defenses, and numerous other military commissions. He was a member of the board to devise a plan for the protection and reclamation of the Mississippi basin. In 1872 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He served as president of a board of consulting engineers to consider the question of a proposed ship canal from Pittsburg to Lake Erie, and designed the harbor at Manitowoc, Wis. In May, 1897, he was appointed a member of the Technical Committee of the New Panama Canal Company. He is the author of Siege Artillery in the Campaign Against Richmond (1867); Experiments and Investigations to Develop a System of Submarine Mines for Defending'' Harbors of the United States (1881), and with General A. A. Humphreys, Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi, in addition to a large number of reports of military and engineering commissions and boards.

ABBOT, Joseph Hale (1802-73). An American educator, born at Wilton. N. H. He graduated in 1822 at Bowdoin College, and from 1827