Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/447

ALLOY. during the cast ingots into powder and then remelting the granuhited or powdered material. The soft solders are usiiall}- sold in sticks, and silver and gold solder in sheets. Platinum is soldered with gold, and German silver with a solder of equal parts of silver, hrass, and zinc. The essentials of a good solder are that it shall have an affinity for the metals to be united, shall )nelt at a considerably lower temperature, shall lie strong, tough, uniform in composition, and not readily oxidized. Type metal is an alloy of lead and antimony in the proportions of 4 to 1. It is a hard alloy capable of being cast in molds, and taking form very perfectly. Gold coin consists of an alloy of 900 parts gold, 75 parts copper, and 2.5 parts silver. Iron forms oomjiounds with many elements that are used in metallurgical processes, as ferro-manganese, ferro-titanium, and ferro-tungsten, which will be considered under Ikon and Steel. Mercury com- bines with many metals to form amalgams(q.v. ) . During the years 1S75-78, a board for testing iron, steel, and other metals met at the Water- town Arsenal, Mass., and very thoroughly consid- ered the properties of various alloys, including a series of experiments on the characteristics of metallic alloys, and investigation of the laws of combination. Their report, published in 1881, contains much information on the subject, to- gether with a bibliogiaphy. Consult: Guet- tier, .4 Practical Guide for the Manufacture of Metallic Alloys, translated by Fesquet (Phila- delphia, 1872) : Larkin, The Brass and Iron Founders' Guide (Philadelphia, 1878) ; Graham, The Brassfoiinders' Manual (London, 1879) ; Erannt, Metallic Alloys (London, 1889) ; Hiorns, Mixed Metals, or Metallic Alloys (New York, 1890) ; and Thurston, A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and Their Constituent Metals (New York, 1897).

ALL-SAINTS' BAY. A bay in the province of Bahia. Brazil, in 12° to 13°' S. lat, and 38° to 39° V. long. (Map: Brazil. K 6). It forms a superb natural harbor, 37 miles long and 27 miles broad, with an easy entrance. It con- tains several islands, the largest of which, Itapasica, is 18 miles long and 3 miles broad. The town of Bahia (q.v.) lies just within it, on the right,

ALL-SAINTS' DAY. In old English, All- Hallows. All-Hallowmas, or simply Hallowmas, a festival of the ancient Christian Church, intro- duced because of the impossibility of keeping a separate day for every saint. As early as the fourth century, on the cessation of the persecu- tion of the Christians, the Sunday after Easter was appointed by the Greek Church for com- memorating the martyrs generally: and in the Church of Rome a similar festival was introduced about 610 ..D., when the old heathen Pantheon (the present Piotunda, or Santa Maria de' Mar- tiril was consecrated, on ilarch 13. to Mary and all the martyrs. But the real festival of All Saints was first regularly instituted by Gregory IV., in 83.5, and appointed to be celebrated on Novembe'' 1st. It was admitted into England about 870, and is now a well -recognized day there and wherever the Church calendar is closely followed. The choice of the day was doubtless determined by the fact that a chapel in Saint Peter's Church in honor of all the saints was con- secrated by Gregory III., in 731, on November 1st, which established the date of the Roman ob- servance. In conformity with this local custom Gregory IV. ordered tlie first of November to be tuiiversally observed for the commemoration. ALL SOULS COL'LEGE. A college of the Iiniversity of Oxford, founded in 1437-38 by Archbishop Chiehele, partly as a chantry where prayers should be made for the souls of all Chris- tians (especially such as fell in the war for the crown of France, of which Chiehele had been the adviser), and partly as a society of fellows free from the charge of undergraduate students. The college has been noted for the devotion of its members to history and law, subjects in ^whieh the founder was distinguished. In late years, the number of fellowships has been in- creased from forty to fifty, and two Chiehele Professorships have been instituted, one in inter- national law and diplomacy, with one in modern history. The fellows are selected because of their distinction in the study of law and history. Among the ecclesiastics who have here been en- rolled are Sheldon, Jeremy Taylor, and Reginald Heher: among lawyers and statesmen. Black- stone, Gladstone, Salisbury, and Curzon. The Codrington Library contains over seventy thou- sand volumes, and is noted as one of the finest law libraries in England. ALL-SOULS' DAY. A holy day of the Roman Catholic Churcli, which falls on November 2d. The object of it is by prayers and almsgiving to alleviate the sufl'erings of souls in purgatory. For long no especial day was appointed for the commemoration of all the departed who have not attained to perfect life. Among the early Christians the names of the departed were entered on the diptj-chs, or lists, used at the altar, from which the priest read the names of those for whom he was required !o pray that God might give them "a place of refreshment, light, and peace." In the si.xth century it was customary in Bene- dictine monasteries for a commemoration of all the departed brethren to be held at Whitsuntide. •In Spain the memorial of All Souls was celebrat- ed in the time of Saint Isidore on the octave of Pentecost: this seems a Western echo of the Oriental custom of commemorating All Saint,s on that day, and All Souls on the Saturday be- fore Whitsunday. Saint Odilo of Clugny, in 998, ordered that in all monasteries affiliated to Clugny the commemoration of All Souls should follow on the morrow of the Feast of All Saints. Thence the observance of November 2nd as All Souls' day spread throughout the West as a universal custom. ALL'SPICE {all -j- spice). A name given to the dry berry of the pimento (Pimenta offici- nalis), a small evergreen tree. The berry is supposed to combine the flavor of several spices, especially cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves; hence the name. The tree is cultivated in the West Indies, especially in Jamaica, for its aromatic leaves and berries. The berries grow in clusters. They are about the size of peas, and are used as a spice for seasoning food. The word allspice is also applied to the aromatic bark of various other plants, particularly Calycanthus fioridus (q.v.). For illustration, see Plat-e of Abutilon. ALL'STON, . See .  ALLSTON, Washington (1779-1843). A distinguished American painter and author. He was born at Waccamaw, S. C, on his father's planta-