Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/444

ALLOA. by river with Edinburgh and Stirling. In the neighborhood is Alloa House, supposed to have been built in the thirteenth century, the home of the Earls of Mar and the Erskines, and many Scottish princes. Population of police burgh, 1901, 11,417.

ALLOB'ROGES (Lat. pl.). A people of Gaul whose territory is now Savoy and Dauphine. Vienna (the modern Vienne) was their chief town. They were subjected to Rome 121 B.C., by Fabius Maximus, and remained loyal.

AL'LOCU'TION (Lat. allocutio, a speaking to, from ad, to + loqui, to speak). A term applied, in the language of the Vatican, to denote specially the address delivered by the Pope at the College of Cardinals on any ecclesiastical or political circumstance. It may be considered as corresponding in some measure to the official explanations which constitutional ministers give when questions are asked in the British Parliament. They are published by being put up on the doors of St. Peter's, Rome.

ALLO'DIUM, or (Med. Lat. probably from O. H. G. al, all + ōt, ōd, property, estate). The free and absolute right of property in land, properly opposed to feudal tenure (q.v.), or the holding of land in subordination to a superior owner. Blackstone is responsible for the view, which has been generally taken by legal writers of the last century, that a condition of allodial land holding prevailed in England prior to the Norman Conquest, and that tills was rapidly superseded by the introduction of the feudal system of land tenure by the Conqueror and his immediate successors, whence Lord Coke's statement that there "is no land in England in the hands of any subject but it is held of some lord by some kind of service." There can be no question as to the universality of feudal tenure, as described by Coke; but it may be doubted whether, in our legal system, the free and unqualified ownership of land — corresponding to the title by which goods and chattels are held — has ever been generally recognized. It is more than probable that from the first the idea of ownership underwent a change when it was transferred from cattle and other personal property to land, and that the owner of land was generally conceived of as having a more or less temporary interest, as holding in subordination to the superior rights of the community, which was somehow regarded as the ultimate and permanent owner. However this may be, we do not find in the books any general recognition of allodial ownership, in the strict sense of the term, anywhere in Europe; and the rapidity with which the feudal system spread over England after the Conquest would seem to indicate that among the Anglo-Saxons such absolute ownership of land was the exception rather than the rule. The terms alod and allotlium do, indeed, occur with some frequency, but usually in a derivative sense, to describe lands which, though held in some form of dependent tenure, are inheritable and thus similar to the modern estate in fee simple. Since the decay of the feudal system in England and its general abolition in the United States, the term "allodial" has come to be applied to the common form of land tenure in subordination to the paramount title of the State, which now commonly prevails, and which, though not entirely free and absolute, has been divested of all the burdensome incidents which were characteristic of feudal tenure. Some of our State constitutions and many of our statutes have expressly declared all tenures to be allodial, in this sense of the term, and in most of the States they are, in the absence of legislation on the subject, deemed to be so. In several of the States, however, tenures partaking more or less of the feudal character still survive. Consult the authorities referred to under.

ALLOG'AMY ( Gk. aUnc, alios, other + ya/joc, <iam(js, a wedding) or Cross-Pollination. A transfer of the pollen of one flower to the pistil of another. Allogamy is subdivided into geitonog- amy, in which the pollinated flower is on the same plant, and xenogamy, in which it is on a different plant. The opposite of allogamy is autogamy, or self-pollination. See the article.

ALLON, al'lon, (1818-92). An English Congregational leailer, born at Welton, near Hull. He graduated at Chestnut College, 1843, and was pastor of Union Chapel, Islington, London, from 1844 until his death. He edited the British Quarterly Review from 1865 to 1887. He published, besides sermons, the life of Rev. James Sherman (London, 1863), and that of Thomas Binney, prefixed to his edition of Binney's sermons (1875), and Land and the Puritans (1882). He compiled The Congregationalist Psalmist. Consult his memorial (1892).

ALLONGÉ, a'loN'zha'. (1833—). A French landscape artist. He was born in Paris and studied with Léon Cogniet. He is chiefly noted for his charming use of charcoal in landscape work, but his oil paintings, as well, have won approval. His method of using charcoal has almost created a "school" for workers in that material, and his drawings are much sought and highly prized by connoisseurs. His subjects are landscapes of a placid and sylvan kind, and these he reproduces vividly by a delicate and skillful use of the fine grays produced by charcoal. Among his works in oil are views on the Somme; among those in charcoal are such landscapes as his "Moulin de Givry." He exhibited very regularly after 1855. His writings on his favorite medium include Le fusain (1873) and his later Grand cours de fusain (54 plates).

ALLOP'ATHY. See.

AL'LOPHAN'IC ACID. See.

ALLORI, al-hVrc. The name of two Italian painters, of the later Florentine school. Ales- SANDRO (1535-1007), a pupil of his uncle Bron- zino, afterwards adopted a mannered imitation of Michelangelo. He was chiefly employed in the public buildings of Tuscany, and wrote for artists a treatise on anatomy. — His son and pupil Cristofano (1577-1621) forsook Alessandro's manner for that of Pagani. A more important artist than his father, although his style is mannered, he shows delicacj' of execution. His most celebrated work is ".Judith with the Head of Holofernes" in the Pitti Palace, Florence, with replicas in Vienna and the Uffizi. In its person- ages. Judith especially portrayed with fine pose and expression, it is supposed to symbolize an unfortunate love affair of the artist. The Pitti collection also has a fine "Saint Julian," the Louvre "Isabella of Aragon pleading with Charles VIII."