Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/429

ALLAHABAD. of parks, medical assistance, and charities. Allahabad was founded by Akbar in 157.5, on the site of an ancient fort. From 1765 to ISOl it underwent three changes of rulers, finally coming under British domination. The mutiny of 1S.")7 brought disaster to Allahabad. On the Gth of .June of that .year, the insurrection, which had begun at Meerut on the 10th of May, extended itself to Allahabad. Though the Euro- peans held the fort, the mutineer.s were for some days undisputed masters of all beyond: and between the ravages of the marauders and the fire of the garrison, the city became little better than a heap of blackened ruins. New buildings began to spring up as soon as order had been restored, and most of the city has been rebuilt since that date, with the exception of the few monuments of ancient native architecture de- scribed above. Pop., 1891, 175,250; 1901, 175,- 750, ALLAIN-TARGÉ, aiax' tar'zha', Francois Henri Rene (18.32-1902). A French politician, born at Angers. He studied law at Poitiers, was admitted to the bar in 1853, and from 1801 to 1864 was substitute imperial procurator at Angers. From 1864 to 1806 he was an editor of the Courricr ilu Diinanche. He joined the staff of the Avenir National in 18GS, and in the same year founded the Revue Politique. Upon the fall of the Empire, he was appointed by the Gov- ernment for national defense prefect of the department of Maine-et-Loire. He was subse- quently an army commissary, and resigned with Gambetta upon the conclusion of peace. He was a municipal councillor of Paris in 1871 and 1874, deputy in 187(, 1877, and 1881, and Minis- ter of Finance in Gambetta's cabinet. In 1885- 86 he was Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Brisson.

AL'LAMAN'DA (Named after the Swiss scientist Allamand. who died in 1787). A genus of plants of the natural order Apocynaeeae. It is distinguished by a quinque-partite calyx without glands, by a funnel-shaped corolla, and by the prickly capsular fruit pod. Allamanda cathar- tica, a native of the West Indies, is a climber with whorled or opposite oblong leaves, and golden-yellow flowers, white marked in the throat. It has violently emetic and purgative properties: but in small doses an infusion of the leaves is esteemed a valuable cathartic medicine, especially in the cure of painters' colic. All the species, of which there are about twelve, are natives of the tropical parts of America, Specimens of Allamanda are often seen in green- houses, where it is a showy plant both in leaf and in flower. Among the shrubliy species are Allamanda neriifolia and Allamanda grandiflora. while Allamanda schottii, Allamanda nobilis, and -Allamanda cathartica are the best known climb- ers. ALLAN, :-il'lan, DAaD (1744-96). A distin- guished Scottish painter of domestic subjects, in which he was the forerunner of Wilkie. He was born at Alloa, February 13, 1744. In 1755, he entered the academy for drawing, painting, and engraving established in Glasgow by the celebrated printer Foulis, where he studied for seven years. The liberality _ of friends enabled him, in 1764, to go to Rome, where he resided for thirteen years. In 1773, he gained the gold medal given by the Academy of St. Luke for the best historical composition. The subject was the "Origin of Painting." the old legend of the Corin- thian maid who drew her lover's profile from the shadow. This picture, the highest effort of Allan's powers, was engraved by Cunego. Of his other pictures executed at Rome, the best known are four humorous pieces illustrating the carnival, which were engraved by Paul Sandby. In 177", Allan came to London, where he painted portraits; three years later, he removed to Edinburgh; and in 1780, succeeded Ruuciman at the head of the Trustees' Academy. His works after this were chiertj' of a humorous descrii)tion, and illustrative of Scottish domestic life. His illustrations of Allan Ramsay's Gentle Shepherd became very popular, but are of no great merit. Allan died at Edinburgh, August 6, 1796. "His merits," says Allan Cunningham, "are of a limited nature; he neither excelled in fine drawing, nor in harmonious coloring; and grace and grandeur were beyond his reach. His genius lay in expression, especially in grave humor and open drollery." ALLAN,  (1810-82). A Canadian ship-owner. He went from Scotland to Canada as a clerk in 1826, and in 1835 became a ship- builder and commission merchant. During the Canadian rebellion of 1837-38, he served in the army as a volunteer, and reached the rank of captain. He helped establish, after many dis- asters, the Allan Line of screw steamships, and was one of the projectors of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and obtained prominence in the scandal connected with that road. Many transportation, manufacturing, and mining companies owed their success largely to his enterprise. He received the honor of knighthood in 1871. for his service to commerce. He was one of the wealthiest men in Canada. ALLAN, ( 1782-1850). A Scotch painter. He was born in Edinljurgh, and studied art in the Trustees' Academy there, and in the schools of the Roj-al Academy, London. In 1805 he went to Saint Petersburg, and spent several years in various parts of Russia and Turkey, where lie acquired material for his first successful pictures. Returning to Scotland in 1814, he devoted liimself to Scottish historical painting. This part of his work includes ".John Knox Admonishing Queen ilary" (1823), "Queen Mary signing her Abdication" (1824), and the ""Death of the Regent Murray" (1825), which made him an A.R.A. In 1S34 he re- turned to his earlier subjects, and his "Polish Exiles on their Way to Siberia" and "The iloorish Love-Letter" won him a seat in the Roval Academy. Later pictures were "A Slave- MaVket in Constantinople" (1837), "The Battle of Prestonpaus" (1842), "Waterloo," from the English side ( 1844, bought by the Duke of Wel- lington), "Peter the Great teaching Shipbuilding to his Subjects" (ordered by the Czar, 1845). Allan became president of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1838, in 1841 succeeded Wilkie as limner to the Queen in Scotland, and was knighted in 1842. His reputation rests on his skill in composition and dramatic representa- tion. ALLAN'TOIN (Ultimately derived from o//((Hfoi.<t) .C.H.iN.Oj. An organic substance found in the allantoic and amniotic fluids, in fcetal urine, and in the urine of many animals during a short time after birth. It is a crystalline, solid substance, sparingly soluble in cold water, but