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ALGONQUIAN STOCK. distinct languages, besides a large number of dialects. Both linguistic and traditional evidence point to the north Atlantic coast, from the St. John to the Delaware River, as the region from which the various cognate tribes migrated westward and southward. From the fact that the earliest settlements in Canada, New England, New York, New Jersey, and Virginia were all made within the Algonquian area, the history of these tribes is better known, and their languages have been more studied, than those of any others north of Mexico. For full two centuries they opposed the advance of the white man step by step, under such leaders as Opechancano, Pliilip, Pontiae, and Tecumseh, with the final and inev- itable result of defeat, suppression, and swift decay. The numljer of the Algonquian stock (1902) is about 82.000 souls, of whom about 43.000 are in the United States, the remainder being in Canada, with the exception of a few hundred refugees in Mexico.

The principal Algonquian tribes were the Al- gonquin, Amalecite, Micmae. Nascopi, Cree, Ab- naki, Pennacook, Massachuset, Wampanoag, Nar- raganset, Mohegan, Mahican, Montauk. Lenape or Delaware, Nanticoke, Powhatan, Paiulico. Shawano, Ojibwa, Ottawa. Menominee, Potawa- tami. Sack, Fox, Kickapoo. Blackfoot, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. See these titles; also Indians.

ALGON'QUIN. An important Indian tribe formerly centring about Nipissing Lake and the middle Ottawa River, Ontario. The name (more properly Algomekin) signifies people "on the other side" of the river. French missionaries began work among the Algonquins early in the seventeenth century, and soon discovered their language to be the key to all the numerous dia- lects now included by philologists under the Al- gonquian stock. In consequence of destructive wars waged against them by the Iroquois, the tribe rapidly declined, some ileeing to the Upper Lakes, where, with other refugees, they became known later as Ottawas (q.v.); while others, retaining the old name, were gathered into mission villages under French protection. There are now about 900 Algonquins settled in sev- eral villages in Quebec and Ontario, exclusive of those confederated with Iroquois at the Lake of Two Mountains, in Quebec, and at Gibson, On- tario, to the number of perhaps 250 more.

AL'GORISM. A word variously used in aritlnnetic. Primarily it referred to the system of Hindu numerals, concerning which European scholars received nnich of their early information through the work of AlKhuwarizmi (q.v.), or Algoritmi, as the name appeared in the medisEval Latin. Those scholars who adopted the Hindu numerals were called, from his name, Algorists, as distinct from the Abacists, who used the abacus in their computations. The word appe.irs in various forms, as algorithmus, algrim. augrim (Chaucer). At present the word is generally used to designate any particular arrangement of numerical work, as the algorism for square root or the algorism for division. See.

ALGUACIL, al'gwathel', or ALGtTAZIL (Sp. alguacil, for Ar. aJ-iroffr, the vizier). The general name in Spain of the officers intrusted with the execution of justice. There are al- gnaciles maijorex, who either inherit the office of executing justice in a town as a hereditary right belonging to their families, or are chosen to the office by the municipality; formerly the name was also given to the officers that executed the sentences or orders of tribunals, such as the tribunal of the Inquisition, and of the various orders of knights. But usually, under the name of Alguacil, IS understood the alguaciles me- norcs. or "ordinarios," that is to say. the at- tendants or officers of the courts of justice, gens- d'armes, bailiti's — in short, all the inferior officers of justice and police who are appointed to their office by the judges, alguaciles mayorcs, or town council.

ALHAGI, al-haj'i. See Manna.

ALHAMA, al-a'ma (Ar.. the bath ; the Roman Astigia Juliensis). A town of Andalusia, Spain, in the province of Granada, 25 miles southwest of Granada (ilap: Spain, C 4). Its situation is wild and romantic in the extreme. The town is built, terrace above terrace, upon a hill on either side of which rise naked limestone crags, while the Sierra Albania towers to the height of 8000 feet in the background. Albania is notable for its baths, which are much frequented in the spring and fall. They are situated in the valley of the Marchan, and are of a sulphurous character, and reach a temperature of from 107° to 113° F. The Baiia de la Reina is a Roman building of great antiquity: the Baiio Fuerte is a Moorish struc- ture. An earthquake in 1884 wrought much de- struction to the upper town. Albania was a watering-place and fortress in the time of the Romans. Its name in .rabic means "The Bath," and the Moors valued highly its medicinal springs. It was, however, chiefly as a fortress and outpost to Granada that it was important to them, and when it was captured by the Chris- tians, February 28, 1482, it caused the wide- spread mourning expressed in the famous ballad, ".•)i/ de mi Alhama!" well known in the English translation. Pop., 1900, 7083.

ALHAMA. A town of Murcia. Spain, situated at the foot of the Sierra de Espaua, on the southern slope, 13 miles southwest of Murcia (Map: Spain, E 4.). It is celebrated for its sul- phur springs and warm mineral waters, 102° to 108° F., and is a favorite resort of invalids and holiday-seekers in spring and early summer. It has a ruined castle. Alhama figured in the Moorish wars. Pop., 1900, 8410.

ALHAM'BRA (Ar. al, the + hamra, red). The fortified palace citadel of the Moorish kings of Granada. As early as the Ninth Century a citadel was located here with the name al-Hamra, which was rebuilt when Granada became the capital of what was left of the Moorish dominions in Spain, by King Mohammed Ibn-el-Ahmar and his successors (1248, 1270, 1300, 1354). The citadel stands on a hill north of Granada, on a terrace about 2500 by 075 feet, and is surrounded by a wall with is'square towers, over a mile in circuit, built of the red brick which gave it the name of KaTnt el-Bainra. "The Red Castle." Inside the citadel were beautiful gardens, a don-jon citadel, a gate of justice, a watch tower, and, finally, the palace itself, as sombre and plain on the outside as it was smiling and decorative within. Charles V. destroyed a large part of it (especially the Winter Palace) to make room for a tasteless Renaissance building, and Philip V. still further mutilated it. Mutilated as it is, it remains the best proof of the artistic character of the Moorish dominion in Spain, even though in details the work may not be so exquisite as earlier work in Egypt and the East. What re-