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ALDRINGER. peace with Denmark was appointed major-general. In this capacity he served with distinction under Collalto at the siege of Mantua. On his return to Germany, in 1031, he coöperated with Tilly, and, upon the death of that commander (1632), became his successor. As field-marshal, he afterward conducted a successful campaign in Franconia, Bavaria, and Swabia against the Swedes. Eventually influenced by the Court party against Wallenstein, he defended the imperial cause, although he adroitly evaded the order to take Pilsen. After Wallenstein's death, he fought against the Swedes on the Danube, where soon afterward he met his death.

ALDROVANDI, al'droviin'de, (1522-1605). An Italian naturalist. He was of noble birth. He became, in 1554, a professor of philosophy and logic, and in 1560 lectured on botany in the University of Bologna. He also practiced medicine, and succeeded, after violent popular opposition, in establishing an inspectorship of drugs and pharmacies. The Pope confirmed him in the office. Afterward he became professor of natural history, established the Botanical Garden of Bologna in 1567, and was employed for many years in forming a collection of specimens as a basis for an encyclopædic work on animal life. To this end he traveled extensively, and enlisted the aid of Gesner and others. In this work, and in the preparation of drawings, he expended the greater part of his fortune. He ceased teaching in 1600, and devoted himself to the publication of his great work, issuing four volumes in Latin on ornithology (1559-1603), and one on mollusks. He bequeathed his collections and manuscripts to the Senate of Bologna; the collections became the nucleus of the great museum of that city, and the manuscripts remained in the university library. Ten other volumes, more or less prepared by him, were rapidly brought out by his colleagues and pupils; but many manuscripts and drawings remain unpublished. He did a great service in stimulating scientific study, and collected an enormous number of facts and specimens; but his writings were prolix and not discriminative. Nevertheless, some volumes, as those on birds, rapidly ran through several editions, and the entire series was epitomized by Johnstone. Consult his biography by G. Fantuzzi (Bologna, 1774).

ALDUS, al'dus. See,.

ALE. See and.

AL'EAN'DER, (1480-1542). An Italian humanist and papal legate. He was born at Motta, near Treviso, and after a short course in medicine devoted himself to the study of theology and languages. He entered the service of the Bishop of Liège, Eberhard of the Mark, in 1514, and in 1519 he went as papal legate to Germany, to combat the Lutheran movement. He inspired the famous edict of Charles V. against the reformer (May 26, 1521), a document antedated May 8, 1521. and probably emanating from the pen of Aleander. As legate to Germany in 1532, he unsuccessfully endeavored to frustrate the Peace of Nuremberg. In 1536 Pope Paul III. appointed him a member of the reform commission under Contarini (q.v.), and two years afterward he was created cardinal and was again sent to Germany; but his mission proved unproductive of results. His letters and reports are valuable historical documents, and his celebrated writing, De Concilio Habendo, is said to have been consulted at the Council of Trent. For his biography down to 1529, consult; J. Paquier (Paris, 1900); also in general, Brieger, Aleander und Lulher, 1521 (Gotha, 1884); Kelkoff, Die Depeschen Aleanders vom Reichstag zu Worms (Halle, 1880).

ALEARDI, Jl'la-iU-'dG, Aleardo (1812-78). An Italian patriot and poet, formerly hailed as a riviil of Prati. He was born at Verona, studied law at Padua, and was active in the outbrealv of 1848. His connection with later conspiracies finally caused his imprisonment in Josefstadt, where he remained until liberated by the peace of 1806. He subsequently became professor of æsthetics at Florence, deputy in the Italian Parliament, and finally senator. He die<l at Verona, which has perpetuated his memory by a monument and by a bridge named in his honor. Aleardi's poems will live on iiccount of their artistic finish and their delicate appreciation of nature; but they are marred by a prevailing lack of force and are overburdened with imagery. The best include ; II monte Circello, Un' ora della mia yioriiiezza, and / sette sold^jti, which w-as dedicated to Garibaldi. The best edition of his collected poems appeared at Florence (1802).

ALECSANDRI, a'lek-san'drfi, or ALEXANDRI,, or (1821-1890). A Rumanian patriot and poet. He was born at Jassv, studied at Paris from 1834 to 1839, took part in the revolutionary movement of 1848 in Rumania, and was obliged to seek refuge in Paris. In 1859 and 1860 he was Minister for Foreign Affairs, was elected to the upper chamber in 1879, and in 1885 was appointed Minister at Paris. He was always active in seeking the freedom and unity of Rumania. He collected Poesii populare a le Romanilor (1853), and wrote Les doines (1853) and Doine si lacrimioare (1863), two volumes of verse, and the dramas Despot Voda ("Prince Despot," 1880) and Fontana Bandusiei (1884). His Opere appeared in seven volumes in 1873-76.

ALEC'TO (Gk. 'Ar;icTii, Alek-tO, from 4, a, priv. + i57«K, h'f/ein, to stop, to cease). The name of one nf the three Eumenides (q.v.).

ALEC'TROMAN'CY. See.

AL'EDO. A city and the county-seat of Mercer County. 111., 180 miles west by south of Chicago, on the Cliieago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (Jlap: Illinois, B 2). It contains the Mercer County Library. The city has commercial interests, principally in agricultural produce. and some manufactures, including tile, brick, and tobacco. Pop.. 1890, 1001; 1900, 2081.

'''ALEE'. '''See.

ALEGRIA, a-la'gre-,a. A town of Cebú, Philippines, 90 miles from Cebú. Pop., 11,400.

ALEMAN, ii'la-nian', . A famous Spanish novelist, born at Seville about the middle of the sixteenth century. Little is known of his life except that he took his bachelor's degree at Seville in 1565, was appointed to the royal treasury in 1568 — a position which he resigned after twenty years as poor as when he assumed it — and is supposed subsequently to have gone to America, and to have died in Mexico during the reign of Philip III. His writings include a poetical biography of St. Anthony of Padua