Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/345

ALBERT. Erden, Ich iin jo, Hvrr, in Deiner Macht ami Unser Ucil is Kommen, are still extensively used in the Protestant service. A selection of his songs, with the music, has been published in the work entitled Xeudruoke Dcutschcr Litteratur- U'crkc (lliille, 18S3).

ALBERT, Joseph (1825-80). A German plioto^iaplier, -who was born and died at Munich, lie cstaliiislied a idiotographer's studio at Augs- burg ill 1840. and removed to Munich in 1858. About 18fi7 he introduced an im]uovemeiit of the gi'catest importance in ])hoto-mcchanical print- ing (Lirhtdnick) . It had been known since about 1854 that a film of gelatine containing po- tassium-bichromate does not receive greasy inks unless it has been previously subjected to the action of light and damping. This ifact had been utilized for printing piujioses by coating a metal plate with gelatine containing some bichromate of potasli and chloride of mercury, treating with silver oleate, and exposing to the action of light through a negative. On washing and inking with a lithographic roller, the plate could be used for printing. The soft gelatine coating, however, was extremely perishable, and therefore the process was capable of only limitea applica- tion, until Albert introduced his improvement. Albert found that the gelatine could be sullicient- ly hardened and rendered durable simply by the action of light. In place of the old metallic plates, he therefore substituted transparent jilates, the uncoatcd side of which he exposed to the action of light. In this manner it became possible to obtain more than a thousand "Alber- type" cojiies from one plate, and the process was adopted in general use. See Gelatin Process.

ALBERT I., called The Bear (UOG-TO). Margrave of Brandenburg. He was the son and successor of Otto the Rich, Count of Ballcnstadt, and of Eilika. daughter of Magnus, Duke of Sax- ony. Having aided the Duke of Saxony, who became the Eni])cror Lothair, he received from the latter Lusatia, to be held as a fief of the Empire, and later the northern "mark." In the year 1138, Henry, Duke of Saxony, having been put under the imperial ban, the duchy was given to Albert, when he took the title of Duke of Saxony. Henry, however, was victorious in the contest which followed, and Albert was com- pelled to llee, and retained only the margraviate of Nortliern Saxony. .Afterward Swaliia was given to him as an indemnitv. Returning to his own country, he had himself invested with the lands which he had conquered from the Wends, as a hereditary fief of the Empire, and thus became the founder and first margrave of the new State of Brandenburg. Consult Heine- mann, Alhrccht der Bar (Darmstadt, 1804).

ALBERT I. (1317-79). Duke of Mecklenburg, fiiunder of the present reigning dynasty. He was a son of Prince Henry II., the Lion, and reigned as prince from 1329 until 1348, when he was appointed duke by the Emperor Charles IV. Relying upon the cities of his realm, he sought to suppress the frequent feuds of the nobles, and to lind advantages by active participation in the afl'airs of the Empire. Upon the extinction of the dynasty of Schwerin, he united the domains of that principality with his own (1358). He was also instrumental in securing the crown of Sweden for his son, afterward known as Albert 11. See Albert, King of Sweden.

ALBERT II., Duke of Mecklenburg. See Aliseut, KiAti OF Sweden.

ALBERT IV., called The Wise (1447-1508). Duke of Bavaria, third son of Albert III., sur- named "the Pious."' After the death of his father in 1400 he was placed under the guardian- ship of his elder brothers, John III. and Sigis- niund, who had conjointly succeeded to the regen- cy: and upon the death of John ( 1403 ), he became co-regent with Sigisniund. The acquisition of the territories of the house of Bavaria-Landshut greatly increased the extent of his possessions. In consequence of this increase of power, how- ever, he became involved in a feud with several members of the nobility, and his interference in the affairs of Regensburg (Ratisbon) finally aroused the displeasure of the Emperor and he was placed under the ban. His principal achievement was the establishment of the law of succession in the dukedom of Bavaria (July 8, 1500).

ALBERT V. (1528-79). Duke of Bavaria, a son of Duke William IV. and Maria Jakobiia of Baden. He succeeded to power in 1550, and soon became involved in religious and other dis- putes, in consequence of which the power of the feudal barons in his dominions was completely broken. He banished the Protestants from his dominions and prohibited the publication of books favorable to them. It was due to his in- itiative that ilunich afterward became a great centre of art. He greatlj' encouraged engraving, painting, brass-founding, and the industrial arts, and laid the foundation of a museum of art as well as of a museum of antiquities, a gallery of paintings, and a royal library. Upon his death he left debts to the amount of two and a half million florins.

ALBERTA, al-ber'ta. A district in Canada, formed in 1882 out of the Northwest Territories, containing 100.000 square miles (Map: North-West Territories. F 4). It is bounded on the north liy Athaliasca, on the east by Saskatchewan and Assiuiboia, on the south by the United States, and on the west by British Columbia, the western boundary running northwest and southeast along the line of the Rocky Mountain divide. It lies between lat. 49° and 55° 1', and long. 111° and 120°. Topographically, the eastern half of the district is a part of the great central plain, the western half belonging to the Rocky Mountain region. The ascent from the plain to the mountain is very steep. The head-waters of tliree great river systems, which reach the sea in three different directions, have their origin within the district; the Athabasca and other streams of the north drain northward into the Mackenzie system, the tributaries of the Missouri drain the southern portion into the Mississippi system, while between the two the Saskatchewan and its tributaries drain the region into the Hudson Bay, through the Nelson system. The plain is prairie land, but the foot-hills of the mountains are well wooded. The rain and snowfall are light, and the atmosphere clear and invigorating. Sudden and decided extremes in temperature are common in winter and summer. The winter winds from the northeast are at times very severe, while the western winds — the Chinooks — are warm and pleasant. The prairie affords excellent grazing, and there are some large, well-stocked cattle ranches. Mixed farming has been found practicable at a few