Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/343

ALBERT. Duke of Saxony, founder of the Albertine line. He was a younger son of the Elector Frederick, called "the Gentle." From 1464 he reigned conjointly with his brother Ernest, who had been invested with the electoral dignity, and gradually obtained such valuable accessions of territory in Thuringia and elsewhere that a separation into the Ernestine and Albertine branches became necessary. At the Reichstag held at Freiburg, in 1498, he was appointed "hereditary governor and potentate" of Friesland. A magnificent bronze monument was dedicated to him at Meissen in 1876.

ALBERT, al'bar', (1815-95). One of the leading members of the provisional government of France after the revolution of February, 1848. Though a poor mechanic, he took great interest in the political questions of his time, and participated in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. While keeping at his trade, he edited a workingman's paper, started in 1840, called L'Atelier. He was summoned by Louis Blanc from his shop, where he was making buttons, to the presidency of the committees on the national workshops and national rewards, but presently resigned and entered the assembly. For his participation in the attempt of May 15, 1848, to overthrow the government, he was condemned to imprisonment for life, but was pardoned in 1859 by Louis Napoleon. He appeared for a moment during the Commune of 1871, but sank back into obscurity. He was known in French politics as L'ouvrier Albert.

ALBERT, al'bert, (1853— ). A bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and also a practicing physician and surgeon. His father was a Frenchman, his mother a slave, and he was born in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana. Freed by the war, he removed with his mother to New Orleans. He graduated in arts and theology at Straight University, New Orleans, and in medicine at New Orleans University (1892). After holding various appointments in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, including that of editor-in-chief of the Southwestern Christian Advocate (five years) and the presidency of Gilbert College, Baldwin, La. (1895-1900), he became pastor of Wesley Chapel, New Orleans. He represented his conference in the Ecumenical Conference in London in 1901.

ALBERT, (c. 1193-1280). A German philosopher, usually called Abertus Magnus, and styled Doctor Universalis, who was distinguished for the extent of his acquirements and for his efforts to spread knowledge, especially of the works and doctrines of Aristotle. He was born at Lauingen, in Swabia, probably in 1193, but the date is disputed. After studying principally at Padua, he entered the order of the Dominican friars in 1221 and taught at Bologna, Strassburg, Freiburg, and Cologne, where Thomas Aquinas became his pupil. He afterward repaired to Paris, where he expounded the doctrines of Aristotle. In 1259 he received from Pope Alexander IV. the bishopric of Ratisbon. But in 1262 he retired to a convent at Cologne to devote himself to literary pursuits. Here he composed a great number of works, especially commentaries on Aristotle. In 1270 he preached a crusade. He died November 25, 1280. The fullest edition of his works was prepared by Jammy (21 volumes, Lyons, 1651), but it is uncritical and far from complete. Many of the writings attributed to him seem to be spurious, among others, that entitled De Secretis Mulierum, which was widely circulated during the Middle Ages. The extensive chemical and mechanical knowledge which Albert possessed, considering the age in which he lived, brought upon him the imputation of sorcery, and in German tradition he has a very ambiguous reputation. It is related, for instance, that in the winter of 1240 he gave a banquet at Cologne to William of Holland, King of the Romans, and that during the entertainment the wintry scene was suddenly transformed into one of summer bloom and beauty. This myth may rest on the fact that Albert had a greenhouse. The scholastics who followed Albert's opinions took the name of Albertists. His best-known works are Summa Theologiæ and Summa de Creaturis.

ALBERT,, gi'er-stin. In Scott's novel, Anne of Geierstein (q.v.), the head of the "Secret Tribunal." At various times he appears in monkish disguise; later he slays Charles of Burgundy in battle.

ALBERT, ril'bert: ''Ger. pron.'' al'bert, (1841-1900). An Austrian surgeon. He was born at Senftenberg, in Bohemia, and studied medicine at Vienna. In 1873 he was made professor of surgery at Innsbruck. From 1881 until his death he was clinical professor of surgery at Vienna. His published works include: Beiträge zur Operativen Chirurgie (Vienna, 1878-80); Diagnostik der Chirurgischen Krankheiten (seventh edition, Vienna, 1896); and a text-book of surgery in four volumes, which has passed through several editions. Albert's original researches resulted in valuable contributions to surgical diagnosis, to operative surgery, and to other branches of his profession.

AL'BERT, Fr. pron. .al'bar',  (1864—). A pianist and composer; born at Glasgow, April 10, 1864: the son of Charles d'Albert, a French musician and dancing-master, who was his first teacher. He studied in the National Training School, London, under Sir Arthur Sullivan, Prout, and Pauer, and in 1881 gained the Mendelssohn scholarship; under Hans Richter in Vienna and under Liszt in Weimar. In the same j-ear he made his first appearance at a philharmonic concert in Vienna with brilliant success. He was soon made court pianist in Weimar, traveled in Europe, and came to America in the season of 1889-90. His inter- pretations of Bach and Beethoven have been gen- erally deemed the most forceful heard in recent years. His mastery of technique, intellectual grasp, force, and fire place him among the most eminent pianists of the world. His compositions include pianoforte music, a suite, symphony, two quartets for strings, several songs, and the operas Der Rubin (1893); Ghismonda (1895); Gernot (1897); Die Abreise (1898); and Kain (1900) . Only in the last opera did the composer free himself from adherence to Wagner's for- mulas. In 1892 he married the pianists Teresa Carreño (q.v.), but separated from her in 1895.

ALBERT, al'bert; ''Ger. pron.'' iil'bgrt, (1819-61). Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and the husband of Queen Victoria of Great Britain. He is popularly known as Prince Albert and the Prince Consort. He was born at Rosenau Castle, near Coburg, August 26, 1819, the second son of Er-