Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/286

AIMAK. influenced by the Persian. According to some authorities the four principal tribes of the Aimak are the Jamjidi, the Firozkohi, the Taimuni, and the Hazaras; others made a definite distinction between the Aimak and the Hazaras, characterizing the former as Sunnite Mohammedans and the latter as adherents in the main of the Shiite sect. Macgregor, Central Asia (Calcutta. 1871), substitutes the Saidnat for the Hazaras, and estimates the total number of the Aimak at 250,000, describing them as semi-nomadic in their habits and excellent fighters. They are supposed to be descendants of Turkish-Tartar tribes which under Hulaku Kahn overthrew the Persian Caliphate in the middle of the thirteenth century.

 AIMARA,. Any of many large carnivorous fishes of South America, especially common in the Amazonian rivers, some twenty species of which form the heterognathous family Erytlirinidæ and the genus Macrodon. They are also called trahiras.

 AIMARD,, (1818-83). A French novelist. He shipped to America as a cabin-boy, spent ten years among the Indians of the western prairies, and traveled in Spain, Turkey, and the Caucasus. In 1848 he was in Paris, and an officer of the Garde Mobile. At the time of the Franco-German war, he organized, and for a while commanded, the so-called "francs-tireurs of the press." He is sometimes called the French Fenimore Cooper. He published many adventure stories, for the most part improbable but interesting. The list, many volumes of which have been translated into English, includes: Les trappeurs de l'Arkansas (1858); Le grand chef des Aneas (1858); Les pirates de la prairie (1859), and Les scalpeurs blanes (1873).

 AIMÉ-MARTIN,,. See.

 AI′MON. See.

 AIM′WELL. (1) A character in Farquhar's comedy, The Beaux' Stratagem (q.v.). (2) A character in Shirley's The Witty Fair One (q.v.).

 AIN,. A river in France, which rises in the Jura Mountains. It flows through the departments of Jura and, and after a course of about 120 miles falls into the Rhone, 18 miles above Lyons (Map: France, M 5). It is used for floating timber, and admits of navigation down stream only.

 AIN. A frontier department of France, separated from Switzerland and Savoy by the Rhone (Map: France, M 5). Capital, Bourg.

<section end="Ain (department)" /> <section begin="Ainemolo, Vincenzo" />AINEMOLO,,. A Sicilian painter of the early sixteenth century, considered by some the most important artist of Sicily. He studied at Rome under Raphael, whose style he imitated. His best known works are a "Christ Carrying the Cross" (Santa Maria la Nuova, Naples), a "Madonna" (San Domenico, Palermo), and "Martyrdom of the Forty Martyrs" (Museum of Palermo).

<section end="Ainemolo, Vincenzo" /> <section begin="Ainger, Alfred" />AINGER,, (1837-1904). An Enflish clergyman and writer. He was born in London, and was educated at King's College and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was ordained priest in 1863, and three years afterward was appointed reader of the Temple Church, a position which he held until 1894, when he succeeded Dean Vaughan as Master of the Temple. He is a canon of Bristol and chaplain-in-ordinary to the king. As an author, he is best known for his editions of Lamb's Collected Works and for his Biography of Charles Lamb ("English Men of Letters Series").

<section end="Ainger, Alfred" /> <section begin="Ainmiller, Max Emanuel" />AINMILLER,, (1807-70). A German painter of architectural subjects, born iu Munich. He studied at the Munich Academy, devoted himself to the revival of stained-glass painting, and in 1844 became director of the royal manufactory of stained glass, where, under his supervision, a great deal of work was done for the cathedrals of Cologne, Ratisbon, and Speier, St. Paul's in London, and the St. Peter's College, Cambridge. His interiors were hard and cold in color, but in the ornamentation of Gothic interiors he showed a good knowledge of architecture. He also won a reputation as a painter of architectural subjects. Two interior views of Westminster Abbey done by him hang in the Munich Gallery; similar views and others are in the National Gallery of Berlin; there are interiors of the Church of Our Lady in Munich, and views of St. Lawrence Church in Nuremberg and other places. He died in Munich.

<section end="Ainmiller, Max Emanuel" /> <section begin="Aino, or Ainu" />AINO,, or AINU, (men of Aiona, their reputed ancestor, or possibly a corruption of inu, dog, contemptuously applied to them by the Japanese). An aboriginal people, now numbering some 18,000 souls, in northern and eastern Yezo, the southern part of Saghalien, and the southern Kuriles (all but 1500 live on Yezo). They inhabited once a great part, if not all, of the Japanese Archipelago, and were the first race to dwell there, unless the so-called "pit-dwellers" of Yezo and Saghalien were, as Hitchcock (1890) suggested, driven out by them when they intruded into this area from their former home on the adjoining Asiatic coast many centuries B.C., as the archærological remains (shell heaps, stone implements, pottery, etc.) in Japan indicate. The retreat northward of the Aino is noted in Japanese chronicles referring to the "barbarians." The physical characteristics of the Aino—short stature, flattened humerus and tibia, heavy beards, and general hirsuteness (much exaggerated by travelers), lighter skin, dolichocephaly and brachycephaly, somewhat regular features, and non-savage looks—have given rise to theories of relationship with almost every known race. Drinton (1890) allies them with the Giliaks of the Amur; Deniker (1900) considers them sui generis; Keane (1896) and Baelz (1901) believe them to have been originally of the Caucasian (white) race. The last, who has studied the Aino at first hand, is of the opinion that they are the extreme eastern branch of a race related to the Caucasian stock, once occupying much of Northeastern Asia, but split into two sections by the inroads of the Mongol-Turkish peoples at a very remote date, a view which has a good deal to commend it. But the Aino are not a uniformly pure type, as the differences between those of Yezo and of Saghalien show. The linguistic, geographical, and mythological researches of B. H. Chamberlain (1887) and Bachelor (1882-1894) prove both the uniqueness of the Aino tongie and the great influence upon Japanese life exerted by that people in times past. Driven northward from their ancient habitat in southwestern and central Japan, they have left their names on the natural features of the archipelago. Their language is<section end="Aino, or Ainu" />