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AHLWARDT. Verzweiflungskampf der Arischen Völker mit den Juden (1890); Eid eines Juden (1891); Jüdische Taktik (1892); and Judenflinten (1892), in which last-mentioined pamphlet he declared that Ludwig Löwe & Co. had fur- nished worthless guns to the army, and had been hired by the Alliance Israelite to cheat the Ger- man Government. These charges were declared by Chancelor von Caprivi to be false, but the popularity of the agitation steadily increased: and Ahlwardt was elected deputy to the Reichs- tag in 1892, and reëlected in 1893. He visited the United States in 1895, for the purpose of establishing an anti-Semitic propaganda here, but failed of his object.

AHLWARDT, (1828—). A German orientalist. He studied Oriental languages at Greifswald, his native city, and at Göttingen, and afterward devoted himself to an analytical investigation of the Arabic manuscripts in the libraries at Gotha and Paris. He became second librarian and professor of Oriental languages at the University of Greifswald in 1861. The following are a few of his more important works on Arabic philology and literature: Ueber Poesie und Poetic der Araber (Gotha, 1856); The Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets (London, 1870). He also edited the following works by Arabic authors: Elfachri Geschichte der islamischen Reiche ... von Ibn Ettigthaqa; (Gotha, 1860); Chalef Elahmar's Kasside (Greifswald, 1859); and Diwan des Abu Nowas (Greifswald, 1861). A noteworthy achievement of Ahlwardt's is his catalogue of all the Arabic MSS. in the Royal Library at Berlin (in general catalogue, 10 volumes, Berlin, 1887-1900).

AHMADABAD, a'ma-da-bad' (For derivation see ). The chief town in the district of the same name, in the presidency of Bombay, India, situated on the left bank of the Sabar- mati. 290 miles north of Bombay, in lat. 23° N., long. 72° 36' E. (Map: India, B 4). It was founded in the year 1412, on the site of the an- cient Ashawal, by Ahmed or Ahmad Shah, and in 1818 came under British rule. It was famous for its manufacture of rich fabrics of silk and cot- ton, articles of gold, silver, steel, and enamel, industries still carried on, and to which may be added the manufacture of paper and superior pottery. It has recovered much of its extensive trade in indigo, cotton, and opium. It was for- merly one of the largest and most magnificent capitals in the east, and its architectural relics are splendid, even in the midst of decay. The Jumna or Juma'ah Masjid, or great mosque, rises from the centre of the city, and is adorned by two superbly decorated minarets. Its domes are supported by lofty columns, regularly disposed, and the concave of these cupolas is ornamented with mosaic and fretwork. The pavement is of the finest marble. The mosque of Sujaat Khan and the modern Jain temple of Seth Hathi Sinh are extremely beautiful. There is likewise an ivory mosque, so named from the circumstance that, although built of white marble, it is lined with ivory, and inlaid with a profusion of gems, to imitate natural flowers, bordered by a silver foliage on mother-of-pearl. There are also the Fire Temple and the Tower of Silence of the Parsis. Ahmadabad once abounded in gardens, and there were aqueducts, reservoirs, etc. The city walls, built in the fifteenth century, which had become very dilapidated, were repaired in 1834, and a system of water-works was installed. Pop., 1891, 148,400; 1901, 180,700.

AHMADABAD. A district of Bombay (q.v.), British India (Map: India, B 4).

AHMED, iiii'med, or ACHMET, iiK'niet, (1818—). A Turkish statesman, born in Constantinople, and educated in Paris. His historical and statistical researches appeared in Salaame, an annual of the Ottoman Empire begun in 1847. He has been intrusted by the 1 Porte with many important missions abroad, and was president of the council and minister of the interior at the conclusion of the Treaty of San Stefano (1878). He did much to acquaint his countrymen with French literature by his ad- mirable translations of the plays of Molière and others.

AHMED KHAN, Kiin or kiin. See.

AHMEDNAGAR, a'med-nuK'ur, or AHMEDNUGGUR (Skr. nagara, city). A large town in the presidency of Bombay, India, situated 126 miles east of the city of Bombay, in lat. 19° 6' N., long. 74° 46' E., on a branch of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (Map: India, B 5). It was once a splendid and populous city, and relics of its former magnificence are to be seen in many fine specimens of Moslem architecture. It is noted for its manufacture of carpets, silks, cottons, brass, and copper utensils. The city is surrounded by an earthen wall, and is guarded by a fort half a mile to the east. The houses are mostly built of sun-dried brick. It has a good water supply, conveyed by means of aqueducts. Founded in 1494 by Ahmed Nuzam Shah, it reached a high degree of prosperity during the reign of his son, Burhan, but after his death witnessed an incessant series of wars. It came under British rule in 1817, since when it has regained much of its former prosperity. Several places in India bear the same name. Pop., 41.700.

AHMEDNAGAR. A district of Bombay, British India (Map: India, B 5).

AHMED SHAH, ah'med sha (1724-73). Ameer of Afghanistan from 1747 to 1773. He was hereditary chief of the Abdali tribe, and held a command in Nadir Shah's cavalry until the latter's assassination (1747), when Ahmed went to Afghanistan, changed the name of his tribe to Durrani, and was accepted as their ruler by the Afghan chiefs at Kandahar. He was a warlike ruler, and accumulated great wealth, including the famous Kohinoor diamond. He captured Lahore in 1748 and conquered Kashmir; and in 1756 defeated the Great Mogul and took and sacked Delhi. His conquests introduced rebellion and disorder into the Mogul Empire. He defeated the Sikhs and Mahrattas at Panipat, January 6, 1761, but was finally obliged to yield the Punjab.

AHMES, ii'mes, or AAHMESU, ii'me-soo. An Egyptian scribe, who lived before 1700 B. C. He wrote Directions for Obtaining the Knowledge of all Dark Things. This work was not original with him. It was copied from an older treatise, dating from about 2500 B.C. It is important as one of the earliest satisfactory accounts of ancient Egyptian mathematics. It has been translated by Eisenlohr, Ein mathematisches Handbuch der alten Aegypter (Leipzig, 1877). See, and.