Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/257

AGRA. ancient walls of the tity enbrace an area of alHiut 11 square miles, of whioli about one-half is at present ueeupicd. The houses are. for the most part, built of the red standstone of the neighboring hills. The prineipal street, running northwest from the fort, is very spaeious. but the rest are generally narrow and irregular, though clean. The Strand, a thoroughfare on the river banks, is two miles long and eighty feet wide.

Some of the public buildings, monuments of the House of Timur, are of striking magnihcenee. Among these are the line fortress built by Akbar, within the walls of which are the palace and audience-hall of Shah Jehan. and the Jloti Jlasjid or I'earl .Mosipie, .so called from its surpassing architectural beauty. Still more celebrated is the Taj Mahal, situated without the city, about a mile to the east of the fort. This extraordinary and beautiful mausoleum was built by the Kmperor .Shah .lehan for himself and his favorite wife, Arjimand lianoo (surnamed Mumtaz Mahal). Twenty thousand men, says Tavernier, who saw the work in progress, were employed incessantly on it for twenty-two years. The principal parts of the building are constructed or overlaid outside and in with white marble: and the mosaic work of the sepulchral apartment and dome is dcscribed by various travelers in terms of glowing admiration. It is composed of twelve kin<ls of stones, of which lapis-lazuli is the most frequent, as well as the most valuable. Of Hritisli and otlier European ediliees in and near the city, tlie principal are the buildings of a Catholic mission and episco- pal see founded in the sixteenth century, the government house, the college for the education of natives, the Metcalfe testimonial, the English church, and the barracks. A committee appointed by the government administers municipal afTairs, derives revenue from real estate and octroi, and operates the water works. This city is held in great veneration by the Hindus as the scene of the incarnation of Vishnu under the name of Parasu Rama. It first rose to im- portance in the beginning of the sixteenth cen- tury, and from 1.520 to 1058 it was the capital of "the Mngiil sovereigns. In the latter year Aurungzebp removed to Delhi : henceforth Agra declined. It was taken in 1784 by Scindia, and surrendered in 180.3 to Lord Lake after a bom- bardment of a few hours. During the Sepoy mutiny of 18.57 .Agra was one of the places in whichthe Europeans were shut up. They were obliged to abandon the city in .Tune and retire to the fort or residency, to which fugitives also flocked from all parts of the country. Most of the European buildings in the city were burned down by the Sepoys. Heroic sallies were fre- quently made from the fort, until the place was finally' relieved in October by the rapid and bril- liant" march of Colonel Greathed. Pop., 1891, 108,002; mOl, 188, .300. Consilt H. G. Keene, The Afira 'luirlc (Agra, 1872).

AGRAM, ii'grain (Hungarian Zatirab, Croatian /.(ifirch). The capital of the Hungarian Crownland of Croatia-Slavonia. beautifully situated at the foot of the .-gram .Mountains, about 2 miles from the Save, and 141 miles east-northeast of Fiume by rail (Map: Hungary, D 4). It consists of the upper, lower, and episcopal towns. The chief pul)lic buildings are the cathedral, a late Gothic edifice dating from the fifteenth century; the palace of the ban, or governor; the National Theatre; the Gothic church of St. JIark; the archiepiscopal palaci'; the .Academy of Sciences, with fine collections of pictures and antiquities, and the palace of jus- tice. Agram is the scat of government of the highest courts of the province and of the arch- bishop. The city is a great centre of South- Slavic national life. Its educational institutions include the Eranz Josef I'nivcrsity, fotinded in 1874, a gymnasium, a high school, industrial school, nornuil training schools, and several libra- ries. Its manuf;ic(ures include leather, linen, p ir- eelain, silk, and tobacio, and it has a considera- ble trade in grain and wine. Pop., 18!I0, 38.000, mostly Croats; 1900, 57,930. Probably Roman in origin, Agram became an episcopal see in 1093, !Uid was destroyed by tlie Tartars in 1242. Rebuilt and made a free royal city, it devel- oped rapidly. In 1880 it was partially destroyed by an earthquake.

AGRAMONTE, a'gra-mrm'ta, Igx.cio (1841- 187.'i). A Cuban rcMilutionist. He was born at Puerto Principe, Cuba, studied law at the University of Havana, and was admitteil to the bar in 1807. He took a conspicuous part in the insurrection which broke out against Spain in 1808, and became secretary of the jn-ovisional government in 1809. He commanded the Cuban forces in the Camagiiey district, and for some time — on the retirement of Quesada. Jordan, and Cavada — acted as commander-in-chief. He was killed in the battle of Jimaguayu.

AG'RAPHA (Gk.. unwritten, from <1, «, priv. -)- -}fmiptii i/rdijlicin, to write). Alleged sayings of Jesus wiiich, though not found in the canoni- cal gospels, were current either in oral tradition or in literature and are worthy of being consid- ered genuine words of Christ. A very complete collection of extra-canonical sayings was made by Cotelerius. Ecclesiw Qrwrai ilonumcnta (1077- 1088), who was followed by J. E. Cirabe. Spirde- pium ( 1098 and 1700), and J. B. Fabricius, Codes Apocri/phtis Xori Tcstameiili, second edition (1719). Briefer collections, based on the above, have been published from time to time. The latest and most complete work on the subject is that of .lfred Resell, Ac/rapha, in Gebhardt and Harnack"s Texte und Vniersuchunfjcn (Leipzig, 1889). Out of a much larger number Resch has judged seventy-four sayings worthy of the desig- nation "agrapha." Resch's conclusions have been criticised by Professor .J. H. Ropes. Die Spriirhe .Jcsu (Leipzig, 1890). who reduces the number of probably genuine sayings to thirteen. In 1897 Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt published ( Henry Frowde, London) a papyrus fragment from Egypt containing seven sayings, each one except the first prefaced by the words, "Jesus saith." Three of these "logia" are quite similar to sayings in the gospels. The remaining four are new, and may possibly be genuine words of our Lord.

AGRAPH'IA. disease of the nervous system. See under. AGRA'RIAN LAW (Lat. Irgef! ariraria-). Laws regulating the division or holding of the public lands (a^rr piiblirua) of the Roman domain. With the nanu> of agrarian laws was formerly associated the idea of the abolition of property in land, or at least of a new distribution of it. This notion of the agrarian laws of the Romans was not only the popular one. but was also received by most scholars. The French Convention, in 1793, passed a law punishing with