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ADJUTANT. AD'JUTANT (Lilt. nd. to + jiitorc, to assist, help). A !-tiiff otlU'er. In tlii> United States Army, generally a regimental ollieer of captain's rank ajipointecl by the regimental commanding officer to assist liiin in the training, discipline. and duties of his command, together with the general supervision of its interior economy. Squadron or hattulion adjutants, appointed from the lieutenants, have similar duties in a more limited degree and s|)here. Post, garrison, or brigade adjutants have similar relationship to their respective commanding oHicers. The duties of the position are practically the same through- out the armies of all the gieat powers. In the United States the regimental adjutant is ap- pointed for a term of four years and the squad- ron or battalion adjutants two years. Such of- ficers are not eligible for reappointmeiit. For a description of their duties, consult the United States AriTiy Regulations.

ADJUTANT ( For origin of name, see above). A large East Indian stork (Leploptilus argala) , about 5 feet high and 14 feet across the wings. It is chielly white, but the back and wings are slate-colored, and the head and ncek bare and flesh-colored, marked with black. From the front of the neck hangs a long i)oueh, which is connected with the respiratory system, and pos- sibly serves as an air-reservoir under si)ecial conditions. "Adjutant" is really a nickname given to these birds, because of an absurd re- semblance at certain times to a self-important army oflicer. The adjutant is very voracious, and though it is especially fond of fresh meat, its chief source of food is in carrion and offal. It is, therefore, an ellicient scavenger, and since it also eats many of the smaller noxious animals, it is protected by law in India. Although so large a bird, its powers of tliglit are cimsiderable, and it is said to soar to gi-eat heights, mingling with viiltures in its search for food. The ad- jutant is found in India and southeastern Asia, a smaller species occurring in the Fast Indies. A closely allied species, the Marabou (q.v.), inhabits Africa. Both furnish the Marabou feathers of commerce, their lengthen<>d under- tail and under-wing coverts being of unusual beauty.

AD'JUTANT-GEN'ERAL. A military staff oflicer, the chief assistant of a commanding general in the execution of his military duties, as in issuing and executing orders, receiving and registering reports, regulating details of the service, and so forth. In the United States Army all officers acting as above, except the adjutant-general, are designated as assistant adjutant-generals. The adjutant-general is an important oflicer of the war department (see Army Okcani/ation), having the rank of major-genera 1, his duties including also the management of the recruiting service, the collection of military information, and the preparation of annual returns of the militia. !Most of the in- dividual States also have adjutant-generals, performing similar duties with respect to the niilitio of their several States.

AD'LER ( Get: prni,. iidl^sr), Cynas (1803—). Founder of the American .Tewish Historical Society. He was born September l.T, 18(!.'i, at Van Buren, Ark., and after graduating at the University of Pennsylvania (ISKIi), entered the Johns Hopkins University, where he became as- sociate (1892) in Semitic languages. As special commissioner for the World's Columbian Expo- sition at Chicago, he spent fifteen months in Egypt, Turkey, Servia, and Persia, in 18!tO-91, and obtained most of the Oriental collections for that exhibit. He has published, among other works, 'I'lic iSliofar, Its Isv and Oiif/iii (1893), and, with .VDan Kamsny. Told in Ihi- Coffee House (1898), a .series of folk tales collected in Constantinople.

ADLER. Felix (18.51 — ). A German-.Viucrican I'ducator and reformer. He W'as born August 13, KS.")!, at Alzey, (Jermany, and came to the United States in 18,')7, where bis father had been called to the ministry of Temple Emanu- El at New York. After graduating at Co- lumbia College in 1870, he studied philosophy and economics at the universities of Berlin and HeidellHMg, receiving the degree of Ph.D. in 1873. On his return to Xew V<uk lu- was appointed pro- fessor of Hebrew an<l Oriental literature at Cornell University, and held this position from 1874 to IS7fi. when he organized at New York the Society for Ethical Culture (q.v.), with which his name has since been identified. Pro- f(wsor Adler is widely known as a lecturer and writer. His principal literary works are: Creed and Deed (New York. 1877); The Moral In- struction of Children (New York, 1898).

'ADLER, FRiF.nRirii (1827 — ). A German architect and art historian. He was born at Berlin; studied at the architectural academy there and later traveled widely. He designed .several church structures, including St. Thomas's at Berlin and St. Paul's at Bromberg. He has made extensive study of the architecture of an- cient times and of the Middle Ages, and has taken an active interest in the excavations at Olympia. Besides contributions to official re- ports, he has published: Mittelaltcrlichc liack- steinbautcerlce dfs prcuxsiselien Stunts (18,59- 09) ; Die liauf/esrhichtc ron Uerlin (IStil) ; liau- gesrhiehtliche Forschungen in Dcutschland (1870-79), and other works.

ADLER, Georg (1803 — ). A German econ- omist and author, born at Posen. He lectured as extraordinary professor of sociologj' at the Uni- versity of Basel, Switzerland, and afterward be- came professor of political economy in the Uni- versity of Freiburg, Germany. His writings on economic and sociological questions, in which he usually advocates moderation as opposed to revolutionary agitation, include: Karl ^farx- sehe Kritik (1880); Internationaler Arbeiter- sehutz (18H8); Soeial-h'efonn und Theater (1891) : Staat und Arbcitslosigkeit (1894) ; Die (Social- Reform im Altertum (1898); (lesehichte des Socialismus und Communismus (1900).

ADLER, Georce J. (1821-08). A German- Anu'riciin philologist. He was horn in Germany, and at tin- age of twelve came to New York. He graduateil at the University of New York in 1844, and in 1840 was appointed professor of German in that institution, which position he held until 1854. He is the author of the follow- ing works: derman English Itirlionanj (New York, 1848; frequently reprinted) ; German Grammar (New York, 1808); U"i7/if/m von Humboldt's Linguistic Studies (New York, 1808). and a translation of Fauriel's History of Provencal Poetry.

ADLER, Hermann (1839—). Chief rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Brit-