Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/160

ADHESION. granulating surfaces (see ) be kept in contact, the opposite granulations may fuse together and the wound unite by secondary adhesion. Serous membranes, such as the pleura, the pericardium, and the peritoneum, when inflamed often become adherent. After operation involving any of these membranes similar inflammatory adhesions may occur. In inflannnations of the appendix vermiformis (see ) and the pelvic organs (see ; ; ), more or less extensive adhesions are apt to occur, interfering with the free motion of the organs or actually drawing them out of proper position. Such adhesions are often the cause of chronic conditions following acute inflammations of these parts.

ADHESION, The term is sometimes applied to an apparent coalescence of adjacent cycles, e.g., stamens which seem to be borne upon the tube of the corolla are called "adherent." The term is now passing into disuse.

AD'IAN'TUM. See.

AD'IAPH'ORISTS' (Gk., a, priv. + , diaphoros, different). The name given to Melanchthon and those who agreed with him in submitting, in "things indifferent," to an imperial edict. When, in 1548, Charles V. issued an edict called the Augsburg Interim, relating to disputed religious doctrines, Melanchthon drew up the Leipzig Interim, in which he yielded several doctrinal and liturgical points as adiaphora, "things indifferent." This stirred up a vigorous controversy, which lasted till the adoption of the Formula of Concord (1577), which lays down the law on the matter.

ADI-BUDDHA, a'de - boud'da (Skr., the primordial Buddha). A conception of the su- preme deity which arose as late in the history of Buddhism as about the tenth century, and prevails especially among the northern Bud- dhists. He is the original spiritual source out of whom through successive emanations of the five Dhyani Buddhas (q.v.) and their less perfect Bodhisattvas (q.v.) came all the visible creation. The similarity of this view of the universe to some of the theories of the Gnostics has sug- gested that it may have been indirectly affected by contact with Eastern Christianity. See.

ADIGE, ii'dc-ja (ancient Athcsis). A river of Austria-Hungary and Italy, rising in the Rhætian Alps of Tyrol (Map: Italy, F 2). It is formed by the union of numerous streamlets near Glarns, where it is called Etsch, a name by which the entire river is known in Germany. It flows in a general southern direction past Meran and Trent, entering Italy midway between Roveredo and Verona. A few miles above the latter town it turns southeast and enters the Adriatic above the Po. Its total length is 250 miles, for 180 of which it is navi- gable, although not without difficulty, owing to its swift current. It is connected with the Po by a small navigable canal called Adigetto. Its most important tributaries are the Eisack and the Avisio. The Adige is a transit river for the trade of Germany and Italy.

ADI-GRANTH, ii'de-gr-inth (primal book). The Bible of the Sikh religion (see ). It consists largely of poems and legends originating with Nanak (1469-1538 A.D.), the founder of the sect, and the "gurus" ("divine revealers") who immediately succeeded him, its materials having been collected by Arjun (1584-1606), the fifth of these successors. Many of its passages show a very elevated conception of the deity, and deal with such problem.s as predestination, the freedom of the will, etc. Its ethical teachings are notably such as combat the sins of personal selfishness and attachment to the pleasures of the world. A second granth (book), known as the "Granth of the Tenth Reign," was composed in 1696 under the direction of Govind Singh, the last of the ten gurus. This more especially exalted the martial virtues and added further legends of the incarnation of God. The sacred books are treated with great veneration in the assemblies of the Sikhs.

A'DIP'IC ACID, C4H,(C00H,). A dibasic acid similar to oxalic acid. It is often obtained in the oxidation of fats by nitric acid.

ADIPOCERE, i5d'r-p6-ser' (Lat. adeps, fat + cera, wax). A peculiar mixture of fatty acids resulting from the decomposition of animal bodies buried in moist places. Human bodies have been found, on disinterment, reduced to this state.

AD'IPOSE SUB'STANCES (Lat. adeps, fat, grease). Same as fats (q.v.).

AD'IPOSE TIS'SUE. A peculiar kind of animal membrane or tissue consisting of an aggregation of minute spherical vesicles of areolar tissue filled with fat or oil. The tissue itself is organic and vital, the vesicles secreting the fatty matter from the capillary blood-vessels with which they are surrounded; the secreted product — the fat — is unorganized and devoid of vitality. The adipose tissue differs from cellular or filamentous tissue in having the vesicles closed, so that the fat does not escape even when fluid. A dropsical effusion which infiltrates the filamentous tissues does not affect the adipose tissue. There is a considerable layer of adipose tissue immediately under the skin; also around the large vessels and nerves, in the omentum and mesentery, around the kidneys, joints, etc. See.

ADIPOSE TISSUE (MAGNIFIED).

AD'IRON'DACKS. The name of a group of mountains in northeastern New York. They lie west of the main axis of the Appalachians, as represented in the Green Mountains of Vermont, and constitute quite an independent mountain system. The name Adirondack is applied in a wider sense to that area embracing about 12,500 square miles contained between the valley of Lake Champlain, the St. Lawrence, and the Mohawk rivers. The counties of Essex, Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Lewis, Herkimer, Hamilton,