Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/151

ADAMS. work in 1870. He became literary editor of the London Globe in 1885, and is also well known as a dramatic critic. He has published many collections of poetry, several books about books, and edited a Dictionary of English Literature (1877) and a Dictionary of the Drama (1899).

ADAMS, (1836&mdash;). An English physicist. He was born at Laneast, Cornwall, and was educated at Cambridge University, where he was made a fellow of St. John's College. In 1863 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy and astronomy in King's College, London, and has carried on many investigations in addition to giving instruction. Professor Adams has served as vice-president and president of the Physical Society of London, as president of the Society of Electrical Engineers, as president of the mathematical and physical section of the British Association, and is a member of the Royal Society. He devised a new form of polariscope which could be used to measure the optical axes of crystals. Among his more important investigations which have been published are those on Simultaneous Magnetic Disturbances, Action of Light on Selenium, Alternate Current Machines, and the Testing of Dynamo Machines.

ADAMS, (1822-97). An American educator and writer of juvenile fiction, popularly known as &ldquo;Oliver Optic.&rdquo; He was born at Medway, Mass. For twenty years he taught in Boston public schools; for fourteen years he was a member of the Dorchester School Committee, and he was once elected to the Legislature. His first book, Hatchie, the Guardian Slave (1853), was followed by more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction, contributed in large part to Oliver Optic's Magazine, of which he was the editor. These stories appeared in series, of which the most popular were: The Boat Club, Young America Abroad, The Starry Flag, Onward and Upward, and The Yacht Club. He published also two novels, The Way of the World, and Living Too Fast.

ADAM-SALOMON, il'da.N-'-su'16'moN', (1818-81). A French sculptor of Jewish extraction. He was burn at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre (Seine-et-Marne). After a short mercantile career he became a modeler, and made such progress that he was provided with a scholarship by the authorities of his department and sent to Paris. His bust of Béranger, which he completed in his twentieth year, and which is said to have been largely executed from memory, established his reputation. Among his other works were busts of Lamartine, Rossini, Halévy, Littré, George Sand, Marie Antoinette, Delphine Gay, and others; medallions of Amyot, Copernicus, and Marchand Ennery; a bas-relief of Charlotte Corday; and the tomb of the Duke of Padua.

AD'AM'S APP'LE (Lat. Pomum Adami). The projection seen on the front of the neck nearly midway between the summit of the breastbone and the bone of the chin. It is particularly visible in males, but rarely noticeable in females, and then only at a late period of life. Its name originated from the superstition that a portion of the apple given to our first parent stuck in his throat, and that the enlargement thus caused has been transmitted to the race. It is produced by the convergence of the two quadrilateral plates of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.

ADAM'S BRIDGE. A chain of shoals extending across the Gulf of Manaar, between Ceylon and the peninsula of Hindustan (Map: India, C 7). It is cut by several channels through which small boats can pass.

AD'AMSON, (1537-92). A famous Scotch prelate and writer, originally known as Conston, Constant, Consteane, or Constantine. He was born at Perth. He studied law at the University of St. Andrews and in 1566 went to France as a tutor, where he underwent six months' imprisonment for referring to the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, as King of France and England, in a Latin poem he wrote on the occasion of the prince's birth. He narrowly escaped death during the Paris massacre, and, obliged to live in concealment for seven months, he employed his time in writing Latin poetical versions of the Book of Job and of the tragedy of Herod. In 1573 he returned to Scotland, took orders, and became minister at Paisley. In 1576 he received the appointment of Archbishop of St. Andrews from his patron, the Earl of Morton, Regent of Scotland, and entered into frequent polemics with the Presbyterians concerning episcopacy. In 1588 he was excommunicated on various charges, and died in great poverty and affliction at St. Andrews, February 19, 1592. Consult: P. Adamson, Poemata Sacra (London, 1619); Baillie, The Recantation of Patrick Adamson (Glasgow, 1646).

ADAMSON, (1852-1902). An English educator and philosophical writer. He was at one time professor of logic and mental philosophy at Owens College (Victoria University), and in 1895 was appointed professor of logic and rhetoric at the University of Glasgow. He is regarded as an important representative of the so-called Neo-Hegelian movement in English philosophy. Among his writings may be mentioned: The Philosophy of Science in the Middle Ages (1876); On the Philosophy of Kant (1879); the article on Kant in the Encyclopædia Britannica, and Fichte (1881).

ADAM'S PEAK (native, Samanhela). A mountain in the south of Ceylon, 7420 feet high, terminating in a narrow platform, in the middle of which is a hollow five feet long, having a rude resemblance to a human footprint (Map: India, D 7). Mohammedan tradition makes this the scene of Adam's penance, after his expulsion from Paradise; he stood 1000 years on one foot, and hence the mark. To the Buddhists, the impression is the sripada, or sacred footmark, left by Buddha on his departure from Ceylon; while the Hindus claim it as the footprint of their god Siva. Over the sacred spot stands a wooden canopy, and multitudes of devotees, Buddhist, Hindu, and Mohammedan, frequent it.

ADANA, A-dii'nft. The capital of the Turkish vilayet of Adana (14,359 square miles; pop. 403,400) (Map: Turkey in Asia, F 4). It is situated in the southeast of Asia Minor on the Seihun (ancient Sarus) about 42 miles northeast of the seaport of Mersina, with which it is connected by rail. Its position near the passes of the Taurus gives it strategical importance. The river is very deep, and Adana is the seat of considerable trade in cotton, wool, grain, and wood. The town has a large steam spinning-mill. Its