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ADAM. most, important: Grammaire de la langue mandchoue (1873); Esquisse d'une grammaire comparée du Crée et du Chippeway (second edition, 1876); Etudes sur six langues américaines (1878); Les patois lorrains (1881); Les idiomes négro-aryens et maléo-aryens (1883).

AD'AM, See, Old Testament.

ADAM, (1751-1839). A British lawyer. He was born in Scotland and in 1774 entered Parliament, where he attached himself to the party of Lord North. Four years afterward he fought a duel with Fox (1778), in which Fox was wounded. He took an important part, however, in effecting the coalition between Fox and North and Shelburne, and was one of the few to maintain his allegiance to his former adversary at the time of the French Revolution. He was one of the managers appointed by the Commons to conduct the impeachment of Warren Hastings (1788). He presided over the Civil Jury Court in Scotland from the time of its establishment (1816) until his death. Consult his Life, by G. L. Craik, in the Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

AD'AMANT (Gk., a, priv. + , daman, to tame). The name of any substance of ex- traordinary hardness. The name was attached to a supposed stone, or mineral, as to the properties of which vague notions long prevailed. It was identified with the lodestone or magnet, and often used as synonymous with it by early writers. This confusion ceased with the seventeenth cen- tury, but the word for a long time had currency among scientific writers as a synonym with dia- mond. The use of the term to denote the lode- stone seems to have been due to the early Latin medical writers, who apparently derived the word from the Latin adamare, '"to have an attraction for."

AD'AMAN'TINE SPAR. See.

ADAMAWA, ii'da-niii'wa, or. One of the subordinate States of the Sokoto Empire which constitutes the greater portion of Northern Nigeria (Map: Africa, F 4). Its boundaries are uncertain, but its area is estimated at about 50,000 square miles. The country is elevated in its southern part, where some of the mountains reach an altitude of about 8000 feet. It is traversed by the River Benue and several other streams, and its soil is very fertile. The climate and the flora and the fauna are tropical. Politically, Adamawa is more or less autonomous, and is ruled by a native sultan. The eastern part of Adamawa, as far as the confluence of the Faro with the Benue, is included in the German Kamerun, while the western part, including the capital, Yolo, forms a part of northern Nigeria. The principal settlements are Yolo, with a population estimated at from 12,000 to 20,000; Banjo, the centre of the ivory trade, and Nganudere. The population of Adamawa is estimated at over three million, but these figures are mere conjecture. The predominant part of the population consists of Fulbe. (See .) The first European to visit Adamawa was Dr. Barth in 1851. Consult: S. Passarge, Adamaua (Berlin, 1895).

AD'AM BEDE. The title of a novel by George Eliot (see ), first published in 1859. The name is that of its principal character, a young English workingman of intellectual tastes and a keen conscience. He is the lover of Hetty Sorrel, but in the end marries Dinah Morris.

AD'AM CU'PID. A name applied to Cupid in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Act II. Scene 1. According to Upton there was an archer named Adam, whose skill was famous in Shakespeare's time, so that the significance of the epithet is evident. Upton cites in confirmation, Much Ado About Nothing, Act I., Scene 1: "And he that hits me let him be clapped on the shoulder and called Adam." Other critics maintain that the original was "Abram," a corruption from Auburn, since the early folios and quartos give "Abraham" in the passage.

ADAM DE LA HALLE, a'diiN' de la AV. (1235-1287?). One of the early founders of the French drama. His Play of Adam, or Le jeu de la feuille, as it was also called, written for citizens of his native Arras for popular performance, is the earliest French comedy. Adam de la Halle was also a musician, and his Robin et Marion, is the first European comic opera. His musical compositions, chiefly songs and motets, form a connecting link between the work of the French déchanteurs and the Flemish contrapuntists. His works are edited by Coussemaker (Paris, 1872). Consult: Ambros, Geschichte der Musik, Volume II. (Breslau, 1862).

AD'AMI, (1862—). An English pathologist. He was born at Manchester; was educated at Owens College, Manchester, and Christ's College, Cambridge, and studied at Breslau, Paris, and Manchester. He became house physician to the Manchester Royal Infirmary, and demonstrator of pathology at Cambridge in 1887. In 1891 he was elected fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, and in 1892 professor of pathology at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. He has also been at the head of the pathological department of the Royal Victoria Hospital at Montreal since 1894, and in 1896 became Middleton Goldsmith lecturer to the New York Pathological Society. He has published numerous papers on pathological topics, and articles on inflammation for Allbutt's System of Medicine.

AD'AMITES. (1) An obscure and probably non-existent sect mentioned by Epiphanius (Hær. 52) as extant in the middle of the fourth century, and so called because they imitated Adamic simplicity in going without clothing while at worship. They are said to have practiced absolute continence. (2) A sect of fanatics founded by a certain Picard, who became numerous in Bohemia and Moravia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but had no connection with the Hussites. Picard styled himself Adam, the son of God, rejected the sacrament of the supper and the priesthood, and advocated the community of women. After his death his followers increased in Bohemia under several leaders. They even fortified themselves on an island in a tributary of the Moldau and committed various depredations. They were detested as much by the followers of Huss as by the Catholics. Ziska made war against them and slew great numbers, but they were never entirely rooted out. In fact, it is said that in 1849 a similar sect appeared in Austria.

AD'AMNAN, (625-704). An Irish abbot, properly Adam, of which Adamnan is a diminutive. He was born at Drumhome, south-