Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/139

ACUPUNCTURE. times used as conductors of the galvanic current to deep-seated parts, for the destruction of moles, birthmarks, etc., and are sometimes made hollow to allow of a small quantity of some sedative solution being injected into the tissues by which pain may be almost immediately relieved. See.

ADA, od'o. A town of the kingdom of Hungary, situated on the Theiss, about 30 miles south of Szegedin (Map: Hungary, G 4). The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the cultivation of grain and cattle raising. Pop., 1890, 11,000.

ADAGIO, d-dU'j6 (Ital., slowly, leisurely, from ad agio, at ease). In music, primarily a slow tempo intermediate between largo or grave and andante. The term is further applied to the slow movement (usually the second) of a musical composition, as, e.g. of a symphony, sonata, con- certo, or overture, it serves as a contrast with the rapid and energetic preceding (allegro) and following (scherzo) movements of the work, and affords scope for a flowing and expressive slow melody with a gracefully varied accompaniment, which breaks up the monotony of the adagio and heightens its effect. A clear and expressive exe- cution of an adagio is an unfailing test of the artistic standing of a performer, as it demands a pure and beautiful intonation, a true reading and phrasing of the cantilena even in its most minute details, and a careful attention to all points of effect. The old masters, Haydn, Mo- zart, and Beethoven, have left in their works the finest specimens of the adagio.

ADAIR, ii-dar', An Indian trader and author. He lived for almost forty years among the southern Indians, and chiefly among the Chickasaws, and in 1775 published a valuable work entitled The History of the Indian Tribes, Particularly Those Nations Adjoining the Mississippi, East and West Florida, Georgia, South and North Carolina, and Virginia. Though impaired in value by the author's zealous advocacy of the Jewish origin of the Indian race, this book gives one of the best first-hand accounts ever written of the habits and character of the native tribes, besides containing an incomplete but valuable vocabulary of various Indian dialects. Adair's theory of the origin of the Indians was adopted and elaborated by Dr. Elias Boudinot in his Star of the West, or An Attempt to Discover the Long-Lost Tribes of Israel (1816).

ADAIR, (1759-1840). An American soldier. He was born in Chester County, S. C., but removed to Kentucky in 1787. He served as major in General St. Clair's Indian expedition of 1791, and was defeated by "Little Turtle" in November. He was a member of the Kentucky Constitutional Convention (1792), and was a United States senator from 1805 to 1806. He served as volunteer aid to General Shelby in the battle of the Thames (October 5, 1813), and, as brigadier-general of militia, commanded the Kentucky troops at New Orleans in 1815. He was governor of Kentucky (1820-24), and a member of Congress (1831-33).

ADAIR, See.

ADAL, a-dal'. A narrow tract of land in East Africa extending along the Red Sea from the Gulf of Tajura to Massowah (Map: Africa, J 3). The larger part is included in the present Italian colony of Eritrea (q.v.), while the southern end, bordering on the Gulf of Tajura, is under the protectorate of France. Its inhabitants are the Danakil.

AD'ALBERT (?-1072). A German prelate. He was made Archbishop of Bremen in 1043 by Henry III., whom he accompanied to Rome, where he declined the proposed candidacy for the papacy, when he might have been elected, Leo IX. made him his legate in the north. During the minority of Henry IV., Adalbert and Archbishop Hanno, of Cologne, usurped the administration of the empire; but he became obnoxious to the princes and they succeeded in separating him from the Emperor. He soon after regained his influence. however, and kept it as long as he lived. His dream was to unite Germany, England, and Scandinavia into a patriarchate independent of Rome.

ADALBERT (?-997), A Bohemian prelate improperly styled "the apostle of the Prussians," whose original Bohemian name was Voitech (comfort of the host). He was educated at Magdeburg, and in 983 was chosen Bishop of Prague, but soon wearied of the perpetual strife with the essentially heathen Bohemians and retired to a monastery near Rome. He went back to Prague in 992, but again retired in discouragement, and finally went as a missionary to the Poles and Prussians, and was murdered by a heathen priest April 23, 997. He was first buried at Gnesen, and then transferred to Prague and put in a vault, where his bones were discovered in 1880, and deposited in the cathedral. For his life, consult C. Heger (Königsberg, 1897), H. G. Voigt (Berlin, 1898).

ADALIA, &-dil'l*-ii (ancient Attalia). The chief seaport of the Turkish vilayet of Konieh, situated on the southern coast of Asia Minor, in lat. 36° 52' N., long. 30° 45' E., about 200 miles southeast of Smyrna (Map: Turkey in Asia, D 4). The streets rise like the seats of a theatre up the slope of the hill. The town, built on a rocky hill, with its streets rising in terraces and studded with and surrounded by beautiful gar- dens of orange, fig, and mulberry trees, is very picturesque. It has a considerable trade in tim- ber, wheat and other agricultural products. Pop., about 30,000, including about 7000 Greeks.

AD'AM. The name given in the book of Genesis to the first man. The word Adam is originally a common noun applied both to a single human being and to mankind in general; hence, as a designation for the first man the Old Testament almost invariably attaches the article to adam, which thus becomes Ha-adam; that is, "the man." According to the critical school the creation of Adam and Eve has come down to us in two recensions of Genesis, the first, Genesis i:20-30. forming part of the so-called Elohistic record of creation (see ); the second, Genesis ii:5-24, embodied in the Yahwistic version. According to the former, male and female are created at the same time (Genesis i:27 ). The passage is somewhat ambiguous, so that it is not certain whether only a single human pair is referred to or mankind in general, just as according to this version the animal world in general is created at the beginning. In the Yahwistic version, however, a single male individual alone is formed by God, who molds a man out of the "dust of the ground" and breathes into the mass the "breath of life" (Gen-