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ACNE. hypertrophica is applied to these cases. If the usual acne treatment fails, scarification or removal of the surface with the knife is necessary in Acne rosacea and Acne hypertrophica. In Acne atrophica, which usually occurs upon the temples and border of the scalp, wings of the nostrils and between the eyebrows, there is necrosis of the tissues with resulting contractions and pits. In Acne keloid there is a deep infiltration of the true skin with destruction or alteration of the hair. Its favorite seat is on the back of the neck, where it appears as nodulated, hard tumors. Cauterization is the treatment.

ACOCK'BILL. See.

ACŒMETÆ, as'A-rae'tS (Gk.a, a, priv. + KOt/jdaOai, koimasthai, to sleep). A class of Greek monks called watchers, who chanted service continuously day and night, dividing like sailors, into three watches. They originated about 400 A.D. on the Euphrates, later appeared in Con- stantinople, and established many monasteries, the chief one being the Studium in Constanti- nople itself, erected by the consul Studius in 471. They were excommunicated in 534 by Pope John II. for opposing the formula, "One of the Trinity suffered," and thus placing themselves on the Nestorian side.

ACOIN, flk'd-In. A white crystalline sub- stance, soluble in water, derived from guanin, and closely related to caffeine and theobromine. Chemically, it is di-para-anisyl-mono-phen-ethyl- guanidin-chlor-hydrate. Experiments have shown that it is less toxic than cocaine (q.v.). like which it is employed as a local anæsthetic in the eye. It has been used by dropping an aqueous solution upon the conjunctiva, causing more pain than cocaine, and also seeming less effective than cocaine in cases in which there was congestion. In other cases it has been found as rapidly efficient as cocaine, but producing no change in the pupil, accommodation or intra- ocular tension. After cocainizing the conjunc- tiva it may be injected without pain.

ACOLLAS, i'k6'la'. (1826-91). A French jurist and publicist. He was born at La Châtre, and was educated at Bourges and Paris. He was one of the most conspicuous rep- resentatives at the Congress at Geneva in 1867, when the formation of a general European demo- cratic confederation was advocated, and upon his return to France was condemned to one year's imprisonment for his active participation in the deliberations of that party. In 1871 the Paris Commune nominated him, during his absence in Switzerland, president of the legal faculty, and in 1880 he was appointed inspector-general of the penitentiaries. Among his numerous publications, all of which emphasize the principles "Droit et Liberté," the most important is Cours élémentaire de droit, a work consisting of seven volumes, published in the form of manuals.

ACOLYTES, ak'6-lits (Gk. aKO/oiftif, ako- louthos, a follower). A name occurring first about the third century, and applied to func- tionaries who assisted the bishops and priests in the performance of religious rites, lighting the candles, presenting the wine and water at the communion, etc. They were considered as in holy orders, and ranked next to sub-deacons. These services have since the seventh century been performed by laymen and boys, who are improperly called acolytes; but in the Roman Church aspirants to the priesthood are still at one stage consecrated as acolytes, and receive candles and cups as the symbols of the office. See.

ACOMA, ii'kfi-mft. An Indian pueblo In Valencia County, New Mexico, about 70 miles west of Albuquerque (Map: New Mexico, E 2). Population, in 1900, 492; in 1902, estimated. 650. With Isleta it has the distinction of occupying its sixteenth-century site, and is the oldest continuously occupied town in the United States. It was visited (1540) by members of Coronado's expedition, by Espejo (1583), and Juan de Oñate (1598). Espejo named it Acoma; previously it was known as Acus, Acuco, and Coco. In December, 1598, Juan de Zaldivar, of Oñate's force, visited Acoma and, with half his party of 30, was killed by the natives. In the next month his brother Vicente killed half the Acoma population of 3000 and partly burned the pueblo. Franciscans labored here before 1629 and later established the San Estevan Mission. The Acomas successively occupied many village sites in prehistoric times, the last before Acoma being Katzimo, the enchanted mesa, three miles distant. Water in the Acoma mesa is obtained from natural cavities in the rocky summit (357 feet high). The Acoma reservation comprises 95,792 acres. Consult: H. H. Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico (San Francisco, 1889); Lummis, Land of Poco Tiempo (New York, 1893); and Hodge, "The Enchanted Mesa." in National Geographic Magazine, vol. viii.(WaBhington, 1897).

ACONCAGUA, a'k6n-ka'gva ; Span.-Amer. pron. kii'wa. An extinct volcano in the southern part of the Andes, situated in lat. 32° 39' S., long. 70° W., on the boundary line between Chile and Argentina, and belonging to the lat- ter (Map: Chile, C 10). It is usually consid- ered the loftiest mountain in America, its es- timated height being about 23,000 feet. A river of the same name rises on the southern slope of the mountain and enters the Pacific after a course of over 200 miles. Consult: E. Fitzgerald. "The First Ascent of Aconcagua," in McClure's Magazine, Volume XI. (New York, 1898); Sir M. Conway, "Aconcagua and the Volcanic Andes," Harper's Magazine, Volume C. (New York, 1899).

ACONCAGUA. A central province of Chile, bounded by the Chilean provinces of Coquimbo on the north, Santiago on the south and Valparaiso on the southwest. Argentina on the east, and the Pacific on the west (Map: Chile, C 10). It covers an area of 6226 square miles. The mountainous regions which occupy the larger part of the province are mostly barren, while the valleys of the Aconcagua River and other streams are highly fertile and produce different kinds of fruit, as well as hemp and some grain. The province also contains considerable deposits of copper. The population in 1895 was 113,165. Capital, San Felipe (q.v.).

ACONITE, (Lat. aconitum, Gk. ἀκόνιτον, akoniton, wolf's-bane). A genus of plants of the order Ranunculacæ, having five irregular sepals, the upper one hooded and two spurred petals concealed under the hood. The roots are usually fusiform and clustered. The whole plant is very poisonous, containing a number of alkaloids, among which are aconine, acon-