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ACCUM. ACCUM, äk'kum, (1709-1838). A German chemist. He was born in Westphalia, went to London in 1703. and became professor of chemistry there in 1802. He was known chiefly on account of his work, A Practical Treatise on Gaslight (1815), which had the effect of intro- ducing the illuminant in England. The book was translated into several languages. In 1822 he became professor in a technical institute in Berlin, where he died.

ACCU MULA'TIONS ( Lat. ad, to + cumu- lare, to pile, heap). In law, the accumulated interest and income of property held in trust upon a trust created for the purpose of effecting such accumulation for the benefit of the cestui gue trust (q.v.). The law relating to accumula- tion is closely related to the rule against per- petuities (q.v.) as now defined by modern stat- ute. It was the common law rule that any disposition of real estate which postponed a vesting of any interest in the estate for longer than a life or lives in being and twenty-one years and a few months additional was absolutely void. This rule was deemed to be violated by the creation of a trust for accumulation for any greater period. This continued to be a rule of decision until the passage by the English Par- liament of the so-called Thellusson Actu (See Thellusson v. Woodford, 4 Ver. p. 227, Gray Pub. Assoc., Boston.) This act placed several limi- tations on the common law rule as to accumula- tion. The rule relating to accumulation is now regulated wholly by statute in most jurisdic- tions, and generally the power to create trusts for accumulation is limited to the creation of a trust for the life of the grantor only or for twenty-one years or during the minority of the beneficiary. See the authorities referred to under and.

ACCU'MULA'TORS. Apparatus for equalizing pressure or for the accumulation of energy for intermittent use. The storage battery and the Leyden jar are electrical accumulators. (See Storage Battery: Condenser.) Hydraulic ac- cumulators are extensively used in connection with hydraulic machinery for operating cranes, punching and riveting machines, presses, etc. Tlie simplest way of storing up water for pres- sure purposes is to erect a tank at a sufficient height to give the required pressure by the weight or head of the water column alone. This arrangement is generally adopted for hydraulic elevators in warehouses and lofty buildings. (See Elevators.) Where very high pressures are required, however, it becomes impracticable to adopt a tank or water tower, since the elevation required to give the necessary pressure would be impracticable to obtain, 700 pounds pressure, for instance, requiring a tank 1610 feet high. In such cases accumulators are employed, and they generally assume the form of a vertical cylinder resting on a firm base and having a plunger working through a stuffing-box at the top. This plunger has at its upper end a yoke which carries by means of suspension rods a heavy weight of cast iron or other heavy mate- rial. A power pump forces water into the cyl- inder at a pressure sufficient to lift the weighted plunger to the top of the cylinder, where the plunger strikes a slop which prevents its rising further and prevents the further escape of water from the pump. In this position the cylinder is filled with a column of water, which supports the weighted plunger on its top. As water is drawn off from the cylinder to supply the crane, press, riveter, or other machinery, the weighted plunger descends, always keeping a pressure on the top of the water column equal to the com- bined weight of the plunger and its load. As soon as the plunger descends the pump resumes work and raises it again. By this combination of operations the water pressure is always kept constant for supplying the hydraulic machinery. Sometimes steam or air pressure acting on the top of the plunger is substituted for the more common suspended weights. Hydraulic accumu- lators are built to give pressures ranging from five pounds to ten tons per square inch.

AC'CUSA'TION. A legal term which signifies either the act of charging one with a crime, or the charge itself. When the charge is made outside of a judicial proceeding it may subject the accuser to an action for defamation (q.v.), while if made in the course of a judicial proceeding it is generally not actionable. A threat or a conspiracy to accuse another of a crime is indictable. See and.

ACCU'SATIVE CASE. See.

ACELDAMA, A-sel'dA-m4, or AKELDAMA, a-kel'daina (R. V.). According to Acts i. 19, "the field of blood;" but inasmuch as the original Greek text furnishes the form Aceldamach, it has been suggested by August Kloster- mann (Probleme im Aposteltexte, pp. 1-81 that the second element, damach, is the Aramaic word "to sleep," so that the real meaning of the term is "field of sleep." Such a name would have been appropriate for a field which, according to Mat- thew xxvii: 8, was bought by the priests of Jerusalem as a field in which to bury strangers. Aceldama was acquired in this way with thirty pieces of silver which Judas Iscariot received as a reward for betraying Jesus, but which in the hour of his repentance he returned to the priests. The designation of Aceldama as a '"potter's field" in both of the passages of the New Testament referred to connects the place with the "potter's house" mentioned by Jeremiah xviii: 2: xix: 2. It would appear, therefore, that Aceldama is older than the story told of it in the New Testa- ment, and its designation as a "field of blood" is but a play upon the word, introduced to add color to the narrative of Judas Iscariot. A tra- dition of considerable antiquity locates Acel- dama on a level overhanging the "valley of the son" (Hinnom) and halfway up the hill. As early as the sixth century this traditional site was used as a burying-place for Christian pil- grims, and continued in use until the seven- teenth century. A history and description of the site is furnished by Schick in the quarterly statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund of 1802, pp. 283-289.

ACEPH'ALI (Gk., , a, priv. + , kriihiilr. head: i.e. headless). A name given (1) To metropolitans and bishops who have no ecclesiastical head over them. (2) To certain ecclesiastical parties: (a) those bishops at the ecumenical council of Ephesus in 431 who refused to join either the party of Cyril or of John of Antioch; (b) those who rejected the doctrinal decision of the ecumenical council held at Chalcedon in 451 upon the nature of Christ (see ); (c) the Eutychian adherents of Peter Mongus, who refused to subscribe to the Henoticon in 482, designed to end the