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172 groups; but the great gulf between the high and low caste in the South obliterates all small variations of property, profession, or calling; dividing society practically into two castes with an unchangeable division of color between them, half-breeds taking the caste of the mother.

"Prosperous negro mechanics trained in slavery are always respected by their white neighbors South. Their children, educated in modern negro schools, I have yet to find as industrious, as useful, or as worthy as their fathers. It would be true to say of my section not a colored pupil of an industrial school, boy or girl, is now following any trade or domestic service for which he or she was supposed to be trained. The industrial schools do turn out ' preachers and teachers,' and thus may make the statistics they publish good by calling these 'preachers and teachers' followers of the professions for which they were trained, but industrial training does not in white schools include 'preaching and teaching.' The negro schools of the South, however, are already beneficial in an unexpected way not intended by the Northern philanthropist. Educated (?) negroes are neither farm laborers nor domestic servants, nor do they follow mechanical trades. Hence they seek employment as porters and mail clerks on railroads all over the vast territory of the United States. While the most expensive hotels of the Northern and Eastern cities have discarded the black servants they formerly employed, as have the wealthy class of residents in those cities, the cheaper hotels and restaurants of the West are glad to obtain any service. Thus educating the negro, permanently removing him from the cotton-fields, has benefited the