Page:The National Geographic Magazine Vol 16 1905.djvu/557

 T can be stated without exaggeration that in central Asia, particularly in Russian Turkestan, there are hundreds, perhaps thousands, of square miles of buried towns and cities. What processes of nature converted the region from a Garden of Eden, filled with millions of prosperous and wealthy people, into waterless wastes, inhabited only by nomads, are mysteries, to solve which little attempt has been made until recently.

Mr Raphael Pumpelly, known so widely for his work in China, suggested to the Carnegie Institution in 1902 that an examination of the Turkestan ruins might (1) reveal the birthplace of civilization, (2) show how changes in man's environment alter man himself, and (3) give a clue to recent geological time, which is now more or less told by guessing. Inasmuch as geological changes have occurred in central Asia since man has lived there, evidence may be discovered among the traces left by the earlier inhabitants which will tell how long these changes were in the making.

The Carnegie Institution gave Mr Pumpelly a grant sufficient to enable him to make an extended reconnaissance of Turkestan. Mr Pumpelly was accompanied by Prof. William M. Davis, of Harvard University, and Mr Ellsworth Huntington. The results have just been published in a special volume by the Carnegie Institution. In view of the exceeding importance of the investigation, we make the following liberal quotations from Mr Pumpelly's report:

The investigation was proposed because (1) there is a school that still holds the belief that central Asia is the region in which the great civilizations of the Far East and of the West had their origin; and (2) because of the supposed occurrence in that region, in prehistoric times, of great changes of climate, resulting in the formation and recession of an extensive Asian Mediterranean, of which the Aral, Caspian, and Black seas are the principal remnants.

Paikent, a Sand-buried City

The ruins of Paikent represent the type of cities abandoned for lack of water and then buried by the progressive desert sands. Paikent was a great center of wealth and of commerce between China and the west and south till in the early centuries of our era. The recessions of the lower ends of the Zerafshan River brought its doom. Now only the citadel mound and the top of parts of its walls rise above the waves of the invading sands.