Page:The National Gazetteer - A Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands, Volume 2.djvu/375

Rh JEDBURGH. 367 JEFFRESTON. in co. Roxburgh, Scotland, and after a course of 16 miles joins the Teviot. It abounds in red trout, and, passing 'Iburgh, waters a vale celebrated by Burns for its " K'len scenes." JEDBURGH, a par. in co. Roxburgh, Scotland, con- taining, besides the town of Jedhurgh, the vils. of Bon- gate, Bonjedward, Lanton, and Ulston. Tho parish is divided into N. and S. sections, lying about 1 mile apart at the least. Tho northern section is bounded by Ancrum, Crailing, Ecklbrd, Hounam, Oxnam, South- dean, and Bcdrule, and is about 6 miles long by 5 broad. The southern section, the original Jedhart, or Jedburgh, is bounded by Oxnam, co. Northumberland, and South- dean. It is of a circular form, and a little over 3 miles in diameter. The surface in the N. section is traversed by the valley of the Jed, and mounts up on either side of that stream to a height of 300 feet. In the W., the Dunion attains an altitude of 1,024 feet. The sur- face of the S. section is also varied in contour. Tho river Teviot describes part of the southern boundary, and the Oxnam water tho eastern. Tho soil in the valleys is a rich loam, but that of tho upper districts is clayey. For tho last half century cultivation has rapidly increased, and the shepherd has given wide place to tho ploughman. Nearly the whole of tho sur- face was in former times covered by a forest called Jed Forest. The roads from Berwick to Carlisle, and from Edinburgh to Carlisle, traverse tho parish. Jedburgh gives name to a presb. in the synod of Merso and Teviot- ttale, in tho patron, of tho crown. The minister has a stipend of 324. Part of Jedburgh Abbey, originally founded by David I., was fitted up in 1703 as the parish church. There are also a Free and two United Presby- terian churches, besides Independent and Episcopalian chapels. There are two parish schools one in the borough of Jedburgh, united to a grammar school, and Society schools, two under the patronage of the Marquis of Lothian, besides several private educational establishments. Tho ancient parishes of Jedworth, Old Jedworth, ami Upper Crailing, constitute the present parish of Jedburgh. A quoad sacra parish has recently tsen constituted, which consists of the S. section of this parish, and parts of Southdean and Oxnam. Its church was erected in 1838. The ancient parishes of Jedworth are mentioned in history as early as 882. The seats of the parish arc Edgerston, Mossbumford, Lauglce, Hun- dalee, Hartrigge, Bonjeward. The Marquis of Lothian, Earl Minto, Chief Justice Lord Campbell, Rutherford of Edgerston, Mein of Hunthill, Ormiston of Glenburn- hall, and Fair of Langlee, arc the principal landowners. The river Jed, or Gad, which gives name to the parish, is supposed to derive its name from the British tribe Garfciii, whose territory was seated here. Gcdwordc, or Jedworth, was tho early form of spelling, and it is now known by the name of Jeddart among the people of the district. Jedburgh, like most border districts, has anlly ljeh bordermcn, when Sir George Heron was killed,

iherst Castle is an objcr.t of interest. There arc gome remains of peel towers and ancient camps, also iiil caves at Hundalcc and Lintalcc. About 2 miles the town passes a Roman paved causeway, still perfect. Sir David Browster and John Aislie were cs, and Doctors Macknight and Somervillo were both ministers of tho parish. Tho rock structure of this ict c'lVcrs a wide field to the geologist. White and red sandstone and limestone are quarried. Iron ore occurs near tho town, and coal exists, but is not at iit worked. Two medicinal springs are found near JEDBURGH,a post and market town, royal borough, ipital of co. Roxburgh, Scotland, 10 miles S.V. 'it K i !-(., and 4fi from Edinburgh. It is a station on Edinburgh nnd Jedburgh Junction railway. It is situ- I'-t't hank of the river Jed, and consists chiefly l-plamied streets. The town extends over ni:i ng about half a mile by a quarter. Many of the houses and public departments arc well built. Two bridges cross the river in the town, and within a distance ef a mile five others may be counted spanning tho Jod. The principal modern buildings are the gaol, which is a massive building occupying the site of an ancient castle ; the county hall ; dispensary, built in 1822 at tho expense of the Marquis of Lothian. The places of worship are an Established church, Free church, two United Pres- byterian churches, and an Episcopalian chapel. The borough obtained its charter of incorporation in tho time of David I. It sends one member to parliament in conjunction with Haddiugton, Dunbar, North Berwick, and Lauder. It is governed by a provost, 3 bailies, dean of guild, treasurer, and 15 councillors. There are eight incorporated trades. The municipal constituency in 1854 was 163, and tho parliamentary constituency 187. The population in 1S61 was 3,428, and the number of inhabited houses 399. There are three branch banks, savings-bank, several insurance agencies, reading-rooms, public libraries, horticultural and religious societies ; and quarter sessions arc held in March, May, August, and October ; sheriff courts, small-debt courts, and justice of peace courts sit during session. Jedburgh holds a tolerable position as a seat of manufacture : tho principal branches arc the woollen trade and stocking- weaving ; boot-making is also extensively carried on. The orchards and gardens which adorn the outskirts produce large quantities of fruit. The ancient castle alluded to above stood upon the site occupied by the gaol. Its origin is not known, but it was a place of great strength, and was frequently made the resort of royalty. It was tho birthplace of Alexander III., and the scene of his marriage and a ball, on which occasion a person disguised as a skeleton entered tho room, causing a panic which agitated the entire kingdom. The house in which Queen Mary lay sick, after having visited Bothwell at Hermitage Castle, is still standing. Jedburgh Abbey, the chief attraction in tho way of antiquities, is situated on the S. side of tho town. Though a considerable portion of tho building is entirely gone, sullicient remains to give an idea of its former grandeur. The nave has been restored, and now serves the purposes of a parish church. It is generally sup- posed to have been founded by David I., though some writers assign its origin to a much earlier period, and say that St. Kcnnoch was abbot in the year 1000. The most beautiful part of this ruin is a Norman door, which entered into the S. side of the church from the cloisters. The town was frequently sacked during tho border wars, and was burnt in 1523 by tho Earl of Surrey. During these periods Jedburgh lost all its ancient records those existing extend only to 1019 ; but it seems to have been a place of importance as early as tho 12lh century. Previous to tho Union tho town trafficked extensively in tho contraband trade, the decline of which at one time threatened to extinguish its trade altogether. The Jedburgh men were celebrated for their prowess in warfare. The shoemakers' and weavers' guilds have possession of war trophies taken from tho English. Tuesday and Friday are market days. Cattle fairs aro held every month, and statute fairs for hiring servants at Whitsuntide and Martinmas. JEDBURGH, a district of co. Roxburgh, Scotland, includes tho pars, of Ancrum, Bedrule, Minto, Oxnam, Crailing, Hobkirk, Jedburgh, and Southdean. Tho presb. of Jedburgh is in the synod of Merso, and com- prehends the same parishes with Cavers, Eckford, How- nam, Kirkton, Wilton, and Hawick. Tho Free Church district includes Crailing, Hobkirk, Jedburgh, South- dean, and Hawick. JEDWORTH, or OLD JEDBURGH, a vil. in tho par. of Oxnam, co. Roxburgh, Scotland, 4 miles S. of Jedburgh. It was founded in tho middle of the Oth century by Bishop Ecgfred, of Lindisfarne, and was called by the Saxons Gcddewonle. JEFFEESTON, a par. in the hund. of Narbcrth, co. PI nibrnkc, 5 miles S.W. of Narberth, its post town. Tho village, which is considerable, is situated near Crcsswell Quay. The inhabitants aro principally em- ployed in tho coal and culm trade. Cresscllay is tho