Page:The National Gazetteer - A Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands, Volume 1.djvu/856

Rh MAM. sin DURHAM. Durham was invaded by the Scuts, under Malcolm, Croft tho course of tho river winds very much. II .j ..... :..i...i.:.._.. vi_j. u:_ I entors tno g<. a by it wide c.-tiiarv a lew'mii, Stockton, and is navigal who routed tho inhabitants assembled to omx. at Egglestono on tho Tecs, and burned and Wearmouth Monastery. In 1080 Walrher, Bishop of Durham, having provoked tho people into in ti .n, was kilbil while endeavouring to escape from a church in which he had taken refuge. To i this outrage the country was again laid waste by Odo, u., half-broth ; icror. Dun tries subsequent to the reign of Willii. ai the incursions of t in l:il:> they invaded tho country and burned Hartlepool, ; the city of Durham. Other invasions occurred in 1316 and 1 J17 ; in the latter, Lewis Beaumont, the bishop-elect, while on his road to Durham to be installed, was taken prisoner and carried off. Early in the reign of Edward III., and again in 1342 and 1346, the Scots invaded Durham. On the last occasion, however, they were attacked at Nevill's Cross, and completely routed by an army collected by the northern nobles during tho absence of Edward 'in France, and David their king was taken prisoner. No event of importance occurred in Durham during the Wars of the Roses. In tho reign of Eli/ib. th tho Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland rose in rebellion, entered the eft Durham, destroyed even-thing connected with Pro- testantism, and celebrated mass in the cathedral ; tin y afterwards retreated before tho Earl of Sussex, com- mander of the royal army, laid siege to Barnard Castle, and forced it to surrender; subsequently they dispersed and escaped into Scotland, in the" latter part of the reign of Elizabeth, Durham, with the other northern counties, was annually visited by pestilences. In 1640 the Scottish army entered Durham, and the county was heavily taxed for tho defence of the king- dom. At the commencement of the Civil War in the Duke of Newcastle united the northern counties for the king's service. Durham was not the scene of any important event during the war. Tho see of Durham was dissolved by Cromwell, but re-established after tin Restoration. Durham is a hilly county, the western part being occupied by branches of the Pennine chain. The principal elevations areKilhopo Low, 2,196 feet, Collier Low, 1,678 feet, Bolts Low, 1,678 feet, Baron Hope, 1,678 feet, Pontip Pike, 1,018 feet. These hills are covered with heath or ling, and are for the most part bleak and barren. The principal rivers of Durham arc the Tyno, draining tho northern part, the Wear, draining the middle, and the Tees, the southern part of the county. . with its In i N II tho boundary between Durham and >r 1 8 miles of its course. Itspiiinip.il are the Derwent and the The Derwent rises in Northumberland, and after flowing 3 miles, skirts the border of Durham till it joins tho Tyno, 3 miles above Newcastle : the length of its course is about 30 miles. The Team rises in !'nti|> Til joins the Tyno about a mile above N Tin Wear rises in the extreme V. of the county, near Kilhope Low, and flows E. mid S.K. through tho beau- tiful district of Weardale to I'.i-h. .;. Aucklan in this part of its course tho Bedhurn I!u. r, am! small streams called " burns." From Bishop Auckland it Hows N. and X .!!. (> Durham, receiving the Shinkly MIIS course r-le-Stroct m the German Ocean md : its i - is about 65 miles, ' whieh (as far as Durham) are navigable. An with a span ol V. ,! at >Minli-rland. Thu Wear is a important .i.eijial outlet for the 'i e..al-h'elds. The Tecs rises in Caml course sep:i. and afterwards Durham from V< -tmorcland ; during rso it forms tie between Durbar : it, piimipal tribu- an- tin- ' indrop liivk, whieh flows through Haby I'ark, the Ski-rne, iirnl tl Krom that town : 90 miles. To shorten the navigation of t canal has been out, h--ini; t possesses. The Tees a ' biggin it has two tine fall Cauldron Snout. How into the sen bet Durham is well provided . and London, with Newcastle and IMmburgh, ' Durham near Croft, and runs past Darlington to Qsjtffl head, whore it crosses tin- Tyne and nl 'ubflfl land. Branches of this line run to 1 laniard (-'astifl Hartlepool, Bishop Ai. Tho Stockton and Darlington railway runs a of tho county from Darlington to Uedcar, and was OM| of tho earliest in operation. Besides thn riiminiiiiii ijj ways, numerous lines have been formed t veyance of minerals. sooting tho county are t Uirtlcy, and XewcastI Minlus; to Castle Eden and liar way, Wynyard, and S; Ayeliffe, and Darlington; to Auckland, Streatham, and ; v u different route, up tho Tees to Middleton,. to Cauldron Snout, to Branccpetb I'ark. up tho^f^H to Wolsingham, Stanhope, and A. to ^^1 Chester, Ubchester, and Hexham : besides v are numerous brunch roads in almost amounting in all to 1,704 miles of road, !' which Ml are turnpike roads. Within Uie coui. market towns, besides tho city of Durl county town viz. Sunderla head, Stockton, Bishop Auck u 1, h pool, Barnard Ca eficld, and Middle! . u - 1 n -ages and hamlets. Tho climate of Durham is n that of the other northern e and, except in the western part of tho c fertile. The most highly productiv. eastern side, between tho mouth oi ill pool, and W. of tho barren tnict whieh extends Uartlepool to near Sunderland. Good crops of i oats, barley, ire., nro raised in the Wear, Skerno, and their U ibutarieu. . good and adopting ii the Durham c farms are gener. 200 acres. hones are very celebrated ; of tin Teeid^^l or Holdcmess breed, ranks am..n.,' the most estaq^^l .d being speedily fall, r. The co'. tity of milk, and are. i y n 1 In horses espi i ami Hays aro ^^H adapted both for harness and ti crossed with blood-horses, produce good hunt, i. The breeding <>i tins a considerable pan of the business of a Durham lainn r. 'II.. ''')' of the Leicester breed, but a hardier 1, on thci barren mountains in the ". The ly Well-wooded; oak and aJi are plentiful, hut Durham coal- measures, which beloiii; t.. : .cm coal- .:. Ill and ninldi minim,' districts are Lancln . Brancepeth, Ca.-: iltuld- ton ; and the i lint |.rt |..i shipping coal ate Sunder- . land and South shield*. Lead is found in i of the Vi.n and the Tei r-Je- . and spotted marble tor ehimne; Frosterley. The south-eastern part of the county be-
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