Page:The National Gazetteer - A Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands, Volume 1.djvu/565

Rh CHESTKBBLADE. 5.35 CHESTERFORP, LITTLE. l the decorated style. There are National schools for a. In the vicinity have been found many nmun coins, and military ways led to Chesterton and CHESTERBLADE, a chplry. in tho par. of Ever- peech, in the co. of Somerset, 3 miles S.E. of Shepton [allct. The living is a cur. annexed to the vie. of cell. CHESTER CASTLE, an ext. par. place, in the city hd co. of Clusirr. ICHESTERFIELD, a par. , market town, and municipal in the hund. of Scarsdale, in tho co. of Derby, 21 .. of Derby, and 156j from London by railway, is a station on the N. branch of the Midland line, 'he parish is intersected by tho rivers Rothcr and Hipper, id includes the chplry. of Brimington, with the tnshps. ilir-hmd, Tapton, Temple-Normanton, and Walton, id the limits, of Calow, Newbold, Dunston, and Pils- y. Tho town, which is a place of considerable im- . was, at tho time of the Norman survey, only liliwick to Newbold, which is now a small hamlet .. the parish. It must, however, shortly after considerably increased, for King John, when ho nted it to William de Briwero, or Bruere, gave it an fair and two weekly markets. It subsequently ne the property of tho Wakes and Plantagenets, and iv in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire. Jn liddle of the 13th century, a battle was fought here i Robert do Ferrers, Earl of Derby, and Prince y, nephew of Henry III., in which tho former was 'i-d and taken prisoner. It was also the scene of ngagement during tho civil wars of Charles I., in "i the Earl of Newcastle routed the parliamentary i in 1643. The trade of the town greatly increased 1776, when Brindley succeeded in constructing the terfield canal, which joins the Trent near Stockwith. canal, which cost 160,000, is about 45 miles in c;lh, passes through two tunnels, and has 65 locks, i'.li a fall of 335 feet. The principal industries are in
 * broad net making, merino, silk, and cotton

lanufactures, and mining operations. By the Municipal Let the limits of the old borough were considerably ex- snded, so as to take in parts of Brampton, Newbold, nd Walton. Tho present town comprises an area of Mut 13,160 acres, with a revenue of 540. It is vcrncd by a mayor, 4 aldermen, and 12 councillors, ulie streets are paved and lighted with gas. The houses, hough irregularly built, are constructed of brick with tone roofs, and are plentifully supplied with water, by
 * n.-s which convey it from Holme, 2 miles W. of the

.vi. A council-house was erected in 1849, and the uwnhall faces the market-place. There are also /-rooms, theatre, house of correction, three >anks, a savings-bank, cotton, silk, and carpet mills, lonworks, potteries, brick-kilns, &c. The parish hurch, dedicated to All Saints, is situated in the town. t is a handsome cruciform structure, in the early 'nglish style of architecture of the middle of the 13th i-ntury, w'ith a twisted spire, 230 feet in height, covered vith lead, and has tho peculiar effect of appearing to lean >n one side from every point of view. In the interior
 * ri: a carved screen, two altar tombs, and a brass, bear-
 * .' inscriptions to the Foljambes, who resided at Walton.

1'he living is a vie.* in the dioc. of Lichfield and -'oventry, val. 357, in the patron, of the bishop. There .s another church at the N.W. end of the town, dedi- jated to the Holy Trinity; it was completed in 1838. The living is a perpot. cur., val. 120, in tho patron, of trustees. Besides these churches there arc two others in ihe parish, one at Hasland and the other at Newbold, ihc livings of which are perpet. curs, in the gift of the dear. The Roman Catholics and the different denomi- nations of Dissenters have chapels in this parish. The iharities are rich and numerous, amounting to 1,400 ier annum, including Foljambe's, of 660, for apprentic- ng and clothing poor children. There are several dmshouses, and a Union workhouse erected in 1840. A reo grammar school was founded by tho Foljambes in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and has an income from endowment of 100 per annum. It was rebuilt in 1710 on the site of St. Helen's Chapel, and is now managed by trustees. Clarke's and Bright' s schools have an in- come of 70, and are now called tho Victoria Schools, in commemoration of her Majesty's visit to Chesterfield, in 1843, when staying at Chatsworth House. There are also National, British, industrial, and infant schools. In the neighbourhood of the town are ironstone and coal mines and foundries, in which upwards of 300 men are employed. Chesterfield is the head of a County Court district, Poor-law Union, and registry, and the seat of a deanery. It gives tho title of Earl to the Stanh],:-.i of Bretby, and supports one newspaper, the Derbyshire Courier. There are traces of a Roman way leading to Little Chester, near Derby, which in conjunction with, tho fact of its being called Ccaster by the Saxons, has led to the supposition that it was once a Roman station. There are still traces of a leper's hospital, founded in tho 12th century, besides two chantries and three free chapels. The poet luce, the mathematician Lucas, and the Nonconformist ministers Oldfiold and Wood, were natives of this town. Tho principal residences are Highfield Hall and Tapton House. In the vicinity of the town is a racecourse, of nearly two miles in length, where tho annual races take place in September. Saturday is tho market day, and fail's are held for tho sale of cattle and cheese, on the 27th January, 28th Feb- ruary, first Saturday in April, 4th May, 5th July, 25th September, and 25th November. CHESTERFIELD, a hmlt. in the par. of Shenstono, in the co. of Stafford, 2 miles S. of Lichfield. CHESTERFORD, GREAT, a par. in the hund. of Uttlesford, and union of Saffron Walden, in the eo. of Essex, 3 miles to the N.W. of Saffron Walden, and 47 from London. It is a station on the Great Eastern railway, and was formerly a market town. The village is pleasantly situated on tho eastern bank of the river Granta, which, in this part of its course, divides Essex from Cambridgeshire, and is generally called the Cam. In the reign of Edward the Confessor, the manor was the property of Earl Edgar, but at the time of the Domesday Survey it belonged to the king, and had the privileges of a royal demesne. Henry VIII. granted it to the Lord Chancellor Audloy, from whose family it passed to the fifth Lord Braybroake, brother of the late lord. In the certificate of the chantry lands this place is described as " a great toune and populous, having in yt to the number of 500 houseling people and more." Tho parish now contains a population of 925. The living is a vie. in the dioc. of Rochester, val. with the rect. of Little Chesterford annexed, 570, and is in the patron, of the Marquis of Bristol. The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a large ancient edifice, and had formerly a chantry attached to it, founded by Wi Howdeu. It contains two brasses, one dated 1530. The charities produce 140 per annum, of which 41 is the endowment of Hart's free school, and 75 the produce of Hill's fund for "refresh- ing poor persons, giving to any that uesd a horse or cow, and other acts of charity." In this parish are the remains of an ancient Roman station, covering about 50 acres ; till very recently the bounds of the encampment might be completely traced, and portions of the walls are still visible in various places. Its name, however, has been much contested by antiquarians. Horsley calls it the Iciani, a station which Salmon refers to Colchester, while Dr. Stukeley and Baxter consider it to be tho Camborimm of Antoninus, an opinion in which Mr. Gough coincides. In its immediate vicinity are remains of several smaller camps, and roads are traced to Chelms- ford, Grantchester, and Ixworth. Many coins of tho Roman emperors, from Caligula, iims, and other remains, have been found ; as also ruins of a Roman villa, at Boroughfiold, in 1818, and a temple at Ickleton, by tho Hon. Richard Cornwallis Neville, fourth son of tho late Lord Braybrooke. A fair is held on the first Friday in July. CHESTERFORD, LITTLE, a par. in the hund. of Uttlesford, in the co. of Essex, 1 mile to the S. of Great Chesterford. The living is a ivct. annexed to that of