Page:The National Gazetteer - A Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands, Volume 1.djvu/261

Rh BERWICKSHIRE. 251 BERWICK-UPON-TWEED. prc '-de themselves with milk and butter. On the cold hil the native black cattle, and the black-faced, long- woled sheep are pastured ; while in the lower grounds im oved breeds, both of oxen and sheep, are found. Of th< atter the Leicester and the Southdown breeds do we The old Scottish prejudice against pork has dec ned, and many pigs are now reared in this county, boi for home consumption and for export. Berwick- shi comprises 31 pars., with parts of two others. The lai st is Lauder, which contains an area of 5S square mil. It is also the only royal and parliamentary bough. Greenlaw ranks as the county town, and is omof the five burghs of barony, the others being Du;e, Coldstream, Cockburnspath, and Eyemouth. Dine is the most important town, and the most popu- louin the county. Berwick, once the county town, 'stitutea a county by itself. The government is ves d in a lord lieutenant, vice-lieutenant, and 24 depu- lieriff, and substitute, &c. The county returns onmember to the imperial parliament, and Lauder is iiitory borough to Haddington in returning one. Tl. county is within the synod of Morse and Toviot- d.il and is divided into the presbyteries of Diuiso and de. There are 31 livings in connection with the liment, and between 20 and 30 congregations of tin Free Church and other dissenting bodies. There ar( .0 extensive manufactories in Berwickshire. The cot n and linen manufactures aiv earned on to a small exi it, employing about 200 hands, and there are hand- i weavers at Earlston employed in making ginghams, shirtings, flannels, &c. There was formerly a pa] r-mill at Edrom, on the Whitadder. The remains of y are numerous and interesting. They are chiefly ' military character, and consist of castles, tumuli, !iid stations. Encampments of British, Roman, . and Danish origin abound in all directions. Th pars, of Morningtou, Coldingham, Legerwood, and burnspath, are sites of British camps ; Fogo, Whit- soi, Cockburnspath, andChannelkirk, of Roman camps ; m> Lauder has several Pictish works. The principal Mtes are at Coldingham; Fast Castle, on a steep cliff 'a, formerly belonging to the Earls of Home, original uf Wolf's Craig in the " Bride of Lam- i ioor;" Cranshaw Castle, a seat of the Douglases; Home, and Dunglas Castles, the two latter by the Homes. Of the religious houses, which numerous, the principal are the abbeys of Dry- bu i, Eccles, and Coldingham. The latter is con- sid ed the oldest nunnery in Scotland, and was in ex- i^-t'ce in the middle of the 7th century. One aisle of y church is all that remains. The remains of > iurgh, on the banks of the Tweed, not far from Mi osc, are extensive and beautiful. There is the grave
 * r Walter Scott. Churches of great antiquity exist

i t ilwarth and Auld Cambus. It was at Coldstream in -M), that the regiment of Guards was first raised val Monk which has since borne the name of 'e. Dunse Law was the site of an encampment 10 Covenanters, under Leslie. Dunse is said to be jirth-place of the philosopher and theologian, Duns is ; and Earlston of Thomas the Rhymer. Eccles the birth-place of Lord Kames. The principal of the nobility and gentry in Berwickshire are following: Thivlstane Castle, the scat of the Earl uderdale ; Dryburgh Abbey, of the Earl of Buchan ; Hirsel, of the Earl of Homo ; Langtown, of the juis of Breadalbane ; Lennel House, of the Earl of dington ; The Retreat, of the Earl of Wemyss ; derlie, of Lord Blantyre ; Mertoun House, of Lord u; Nisliet, of Lord Sinclair ; Marctimont, of C'a pbell, Bart. ; Newton Don, of Sir W. II. Don, Bart. ; ,'las, Atherstone, Jerviswood, Dunse, Wedderburn, on, Bemerside, Morristoun, &c. The North British ay intersects this county, running from the town of ick, in a north-westerly direction, near the coast, urnmouth, Ayton, and Cockburnspath, to Dunbar, ig a length of about 21 miles within the county. North-Eastern railway, which terminates at Berwick. The Berwick and Kelso railway passes along the south bank of the Tweed, to Jedburgh, and meets the Edin- burgh and Hawick railway not far from Melrose. The chief roads are the following: the great road from London to Edinburgh, which crosses the county from Berwick through Ayton; the road from Edinburgh to Greenlaw ; roads from Berwick to Haddington, and to Earlston ; and, on the south side of the Tweed, a road passing through Coldstream, Kelso, Dryburgh, and Melrose, to Abbotsford. BERWICK ST. JAMES, a par. and vil. in the hund. of Branch and Dole, in the co. of Wilts, 5 miles to the N.W. of Wilton, and 8 from Salisbury, its post town. The Salisbury branch of the Great Western railway passes near it. The living is a vie. in the dioc. of Salis- bury, of the val. of 54, in the patron, of Lord Ash- burton, who is lord of the manor. The church, dedicated to St. James, is in the early English style, with Norman tower. There is a Church of England mixed school. The intrenchments known as Yarnbury Camp, lay 2 miles west of the village, on the slope of the Downs, covering a space of 28 acres. They are surrounded by a rampart 52 feet high, and approached by six entrances. Many British and Roman remains have been found in the vicinity, and there are two British earthworks. BERWICK ST. JOHN, a par., vil., and tnshp. in the hund. of Chalk, in the co. of Wilts, 6 miles to the E. of Shaftesbury, and about the same distance from Titbury station, on the Salisbury and Yeovil and Exeter line. Salisbury is its post town. It is situated within the limits of Cranboume Chase, on the border of Dor- setshire, at the foot of White Sheet hills, which form part of Salisbury Plain, and command an extensive view over Dorsetshire, the Downs, and part of Hampshire, as far as the Needle rocks in the Isle of Wight. There are three pretty and commodious villas built by the late Mr. Foote, whoso family still retain some property here, and have some fine specimens of oak carving. The living is a rect. in the dioc. of Salisbury, of the val. of 562, in the patron, of the Warden and Fellows of New College, Oxford. The church, dedicated to St. John, is built in the form of a cross, with a richly ornamented tower of the time of Henry VII. It has recently been almost en- tirely rebuilt, from designs by Mr. Woodycr, and was reopened on the 1st of May, 18G2 ; but the old form was strictly adhered to, and the walls occupy the same lines, with an increase of length of nave of some eight feet. The tower was restored, as far as decay would allow, stone by stone. The cost of the restoration was 2,400. Some very curious distemper paintings were found on the old walls. In the interior are two ancient effigies, clad in mail, of the time of the crusades, supposed to be those of Sir John Husee and Sir Robert Lucie, former owners of the manor; and several monuments of the Grove family. The register commences with the year 1556. The Baptists have a chapel here, and there is a National school, built in 1835, lately enlarged. There are some small charities. Lord Rivers is lord of the manor. On the neighbouring hills are some ancient British remains, and an extensive entrenchment covering an area of about 12 acres, called Winklebury, or Vespasian's Camp, from which there ia a view of Wiltshire and Cranbourne Chase. BERWICK ST. LEONARD, a par. in the hund. of Dimworth, in the co. of Wilts, 1 mile to the E. of Hin- don, its post town, and 15 W. of Salisbury. The living is a rect. in the dioc. of Salisbury, of the val., with the perpet. cur. of Scdgehill, which is annexed to it, of 375, in the patron, of J. Benett, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Leonard, and has been recently restored. The manorhouse, which was erected in the reign of James I., is now converted into a bam. BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, a borough, seaport, and market town on the frontiers of England and Scot- land, 58 miles to the S.E. of Edinburgh by the North British railway, and 3"! miles to the N. of London by the North-Eastern railway. It is situated on the north bank and at the mouth of the river Tweed, within that part of the co. of Northumberland called Islandshire, but