Page:The Music of India.djvu/151

 The Karadivadya is a large-sized variety of the same kind of drum, which is beaten with a padded drum stick.

The Udupe is a goblet shaped drum used by the Lingayats of Mysore in their religious ceremonies.

In addition to these, there are the various Tomtoms, both large and small, used throughout India, particularly for proclamations of Government orders and sales and so on. They are beaten with small wooden sticks.

Various kinds of tambourines are used. There is the circular Thambatti of South India, the large Damphu of Nepal, and the little Khanjeri of Madras, the latter very much like the western tambourine. There are also some known by the very appropriate name of Dindimi.

Various kinds of cymbals are also in use. There are the simple kind made of brass, copper or bronze, called Kaitala or Jalra or Manjlva. One of them is held tightly in the left hand and the other loosely in the right. The time is expressed with many modulations of tone and varieties of beat. They are by no means easy to play, and experts produce with them most intricate and delicate movements, all in perfect harmony with the time of the music.

There are also large cymbals called Jharigha which are used especially in temples.

There is a peculiar kind of metal cymbal used in Bundelkand. It is called Chintla and consists of two flat pieces of iron two feet long with pointed ends, held together at the other end by a ring of iron having a few smaller rings attached to it. The two pointed ends are beaten together, and the rings are also struck on to the iron in time with the beats.

Various kinds of castinets are used throughout India.

The Kustar or Chittika consist of two pieces of hard wood about six inches in length, flat on one side and rounded on the other. Clusters of bells on small pieces of metal are placed at the ends, and these make a musical jingle when the Kustar is shaken. A ring is usually inserted at the back of each for the finger to pass through. They are held in the one hand, and the flat surfaces are beaten together by alternately closing and opening the fingers.