Page:The Mediaeval Mind Vol 1.djvu/272

250 entire youth (tota juventus) is sent to sweat in the schools"; and about the middle of the twelfth century, Otto of Freising suggests a like contrast between the Italy and Germany of his time.

In Italy the study of grammar, with all that it included, was established in tradition, and also was regarded as a necessary preparation for the study both of law and medicine. Even in the eleventh century these professions were followed by men who were "grammarians," a term to be taken to mean for the early Middle Ages the profession of letters. In the eleventh century, a lawyer or notary in Italy (where there were always such, and some study of law and legal forms) needed education in a Latinity different from the vulgar Latin which was turning into Italian. A little later, Irnerius, the founder of the Bologna school, was a teacher of "grammar" before he became a teacher of law. As for medicine, that appears always to have been cultivated at least in southern Italy; and a knowledge of grammar, even of logic, was required for its study.

The survival of medical knowledge in Italy did not, in