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 32 THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY. ashes. They are worshippers of S'iva. The Bram- hacharis live as recluBes apart from their families, and at death their bodies are burnt. The word Bramhachari is also applied to a reli¬ gious student, to persons learned in the Vedas, and in various other ways. THE HILL TRIBES OF THE NEILGHERRIES. {Madras Standard, Oct. 18.) Next to the Badagas, in importance and numbers, are the Kotah8. They live in seven Kot&gherries *or villages, situated far apart on the hills, so that each Kotah village has its own set of Badagas, for whom they make tools, ropes, baskets, jewels, and whose funerals they attend with their musical instruments. The Kotahs are of very low caste, they will eat from any one, and do not object to devouring carrion of all sorts ; they are not particular how an animal dies, and during a murrain the Kotahs feast and fatten. They cultivate the soil with a little more care than the Badagas, but grow the same grains, Ac., and in the same style. They keep cattle, which they sometimes kill for food, but strange to say they do not milk them. Their Shukars (funeral cere¬ monies) and marriage ceremonies are much the same as those of the Badagas, though they do not spend as mnch money on those occasions. They are far more independent than the Badagas, and do not care to work for Europeans. Their iron-work is of, the coarsest description. They, however, make hatchets, adzes, and bill-hooks pretty well, and their neighbours like them better than Eng¬ lish tools. They are very keen after game. A few can shoot, and if any one they know to be a good shot gives notice at a village, the inhabitants will all turn out, yelling and shrieking after sambur. They make a strong durable rope out of buffaloe hide, much sought after by Badagas for fastening their cattle, Ac. Their women work up a sort of black clay, found in swamps, out of which they make pots for themselveB and neighbours ; but of a very inferior kind. One most remarkable circumstance amongst these people is that they actually court venereal disease; a young man who has not suffered from this before he is of a certain age is looked upon as a disgrace ! It is hardly necessary for me to Bay that they are vilely dirty in their habitB, and most immoral. Their language is a most discordant jargon, en¬ tirely different from that spoken by any other of the hill tribes, and I have heard them boast of the fact that no one bat themselves can understand it. Next to these gentry come the Todahs : their men are generally fine handsome fellows, and I have heard some of their women spoken of as beauties. They are,however, a lazy, good-for-nothing lot; they do no work at all beyond tending their buffaloes, cutting sticks, seeking honey and building their munds or villages, for which they certainly choose very pretty sites. They get all their grain from the Bada¬ gas and Kotahs ; a good part of it is paid to them as a sort of black-mail, which they used to levy with much rigour and authority; but since their neighbours have got more inde¬ pendent, and know that Government will protect them from injustice, this levy is paid more from custom than fear, and I dare say before long the Todtftfs will have to buy all the grain they require. The Todahs formerly would notallow the Badagas to graze their cattle in the neighbourhood of their munds: now, however, the latter tribe build kraals far out amongst, and even beyond, the Todah munds, and feed their buffaloes with those of their would-be masters with impunity. They burn their dead without much ceremony at the time, except that the corpse must be burned only at certain phases of the moon. Should a man die on what they consider a bad day, his body is kept in the hut over smoke for 10 or 15 days till a “ good da^’ comes ! They after¬ wards hold a “ Kerd” or killing of buffaloes, which are sup¬ posed to minister to the wants of their owners m the happy land of departed Todahs. Formerly all the buffaloes a man had were despatched after him. Government has now put a restriction on the number, and the Todahs are not allowed to kill them without notice being given to, j^nd permission obtained from, the authorities. The Todaht greatly object to this restriction ; but I know they are really very glad, because the greater number of cattle they have, the more ghee, and consequently the more rupees, are procured. They do not like to have many women amongst them, and it UBed to be a custom among them to kill all the female children but one which a woman might bear. In former times these murders were perpe¬ trated with much ceremony and feasting ; latterly they were more quietly performed, till Government put a stop to them altogether. The Todahs do not, however, seem any better for it. Three and four men are supposed to have only one wife in* common. Any children she may bear are common to all. Like the Badagas and Kotahs, they are very immoral. The women do nothing but lounge about the munds, butter their hair and cook. The Todahs eat a variety of greens, the heart of the thistle, fungi, tender shoots of bamboo, and meat, when they can get it. They kill young bull calves and eat the flesh, but will not touch that of grown cattle ; they will do anything for sambur or ibex, though they never shoot or capture game themselves. They are terrible thieves, and many sportsmen have lost game through the tricks of their Todah shikaries. Last come the Kurumbas ; they are not very numerous about the Neilgherries ; they live in horrible dirty villages at the foot of the hills, amongst the thickest forest teeming with jungle fever; they are of the sect known in Wynaad as “Jaan”or “honey” Kurumbas. They get this name from their chief employment, which is seeking honey. They used to live almost entirely on roots, but of late years they have found it remunerative to cultivate their soil, and their clearings are much larger than they used to be. They never take more than three or four crops off the same piece. They burn their dead with very little tamasha* Besides supplying the Badagas with the elephant pole required at their Shukars, the Kurumbas have to bow the first handful of grain for the Badagas every season, for which service they receive a small quantity of the crop. Unlike their neighbours, the Kurumbas are a very small, emaciated lot; nevertheless they are very active and will out-walk any other natives. They have incredibly keen eye-sight, gained from constantly watching the bee to its hive. When they find one not quite ready to take, they place a couple of sticks in a certain position; this sign will prevent any other Kurumba from taking the honey (“ a rule of their own”), and no Badagaor other hill man would med¬ dle with it on any account, for ferfr of being killed by sorcery, for they dread the Kurumba more than any wild beast; indeed their fear of them is so great that a simple threat of vengeance has in some cases proved fatal. This, I be¬ lieve, has originated from Kurumbas having at different times poisoned Badagas in a secret underhand way, so a£ to make their deaths appear as if caused by super¬ natural agency. In times gone by, when the Kurumbas of a village became very notorious, Todahs, Badagas, and Kotahs would combine, surround the village at night, and murder all the inhabitants. For following elephants and bison they are invaluable assistants, as they will never lose or mistake a track. They, however, dread the charge of an elephant, and though they will put you near the game very well, they scamper up trees the instant any danger appears ; indeed I have known them vanish almost myster¬ iously when a rogue elephant was in question before a shot was fired. They have a jargon of their own, apparently a mixture of Canarese, Malayalam, and Tamil. RIFLE.
 * [January, 1873.