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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.

[Dec. 6, 1872

which doubtless are really secondary roots de

disappeared in

rived from original verbal bases.

noticed, in the form ‘ubhalanā)', and have been substituted by the secondary base ‘ubha' with its

A few more examples of this kind of second ary Gaurian verbal bases or verbs are the follow ing :— Uthanā' to rise, to stand up, from the secondary base ‘uth' for “uthya, Prākrit “utthia,' Sanskrit: utthita' (from the prefix ‘ut” up and root ‘sthā’ stand). Again ‘uganā' to spring up, from the secondary base ‘uga, Prakrit ‘uggaå, Sanskrit

Gaurian (except, as already

conjugation ‘ubhe’, &c.

But fortunately, the

Sanskrit causal of the originial base has been preserved in Gaurian ; and thus a clue is afford ed us for tracing the (otherwise somewhat ob

cure) origin of the verb ‘ubhanā' and the adjec

‘udgata' (from “ut” up and ‘gam' to go). Again

tive ‘ubhā," e. g. the 3rd pers. sing, pres. of the verb ‘ubhāranā’ is ‘ubhāre', Prakrit ‘ubbhāreſ'

‘ubhanā' to be erect, to rise, from the secondary base ‘ubha, Prākrit ‘ubbhia, Sanskrit ‘udbhrita'

or “ubbhāredi’, Sanskrit ‘udbhārayati ; just as Sanskrit ‘kathayati,” becomes Prākrit ‘kahedi' or

(from “ut up, and “bhri' to hold). The Prākrit form

kahei, Gaurian “kahe".’

‘ubbhia' becomes in the first instance ‘ubhya,’ which we have in the low Hindi participle and

raná' serves to illustrate the origin of another

adjective ‘ubhyā' erect or reared up. Next ‘ubhya’ is contracted into ‘ubha,’ which we have in the

Marathi adjective ‘ubhā’ erect (see Col. Vans Kennedy's Maráthi Dictionary). And from this form ‘ubha' the secondary verb ‘ubhanā' is deriv ed. The original verb would be “ubharaná’ from the Sanskrit ‘udbharaniyam;’ just as ‘chalanā,” from Sanskrit ‘chalaniyam.’ This original verb, indeed, has not altogether disappeared from the Gaurian ; for it exists with a very limited mean

The case of the two verbs ‘ubhanā’ and ‘ubhā

grºup of verbs, viz., “puganā’ and ‘pukāranā’, “chanā' and ‘pahuñchānā’. The verb ‘puganā’ means to arrive, and occurs in low Hindi (Marwäri), and in Naipāli.

The same

word occurs in

Panjābi as ‘pujanā' (or ‘pujjanā’) and in Maráthi as ‘pochaneſ'. The Marathi form “pochaneſ' has an alternative form ‘pahúñchaneſ.’ The latter form is the only one preserved in high Hindi

ing and in a slightly modified form in the verb

where it is ‘pahuñchanã.' It occurs also in Pan jabi as ‘pahuñchanã.’ It follows from this com parison, that the low Hindi ‘ puganā’ and the

‘ubhalanā’ to boil, to bubble up.

high Hindi ‘ pahuñchanā' are identical.

There is a peculiarity about the verb ‘ubhanà.’ It has an apparently irregular causal. Accord ing to the regular Gaurian manner of forming causals, the causal of ‘ubhanā' should be “ubhānā.’ This form, indeed, is probably used in low Hindi when the verb is employed in its literal meaning to cause to be erect. But when it is used metaphorically (as applied to the mind) in the sense of eacciting or provoking, it forms the

this again it follows that the syllable “pu' of ‘puganā’ is identical with the element pahuń' of

causal ‘ubhāranā.’

From

‘pahuñchanā', being merely a contraction of two syllables into one, such as is not uncommon in the modern vernaculars; and further that the

element “ganā' is identical with the element “chanã.’

The next question is, what is this ‘ganā’ and chanà 2 In the first place we observe, that in

This irregularity, however,

Naipāli, as a rule, the initial k of the root “kara'

is only apparent, for ‘ubhāranā' is only the Gaurian phonetic modification of the Sanskrit causal of the original verb ; that is, ‘ubhāranā’ represents a Prakrit form ‘udbhāranian', and

(Prakrit for kri) to do is softened to g; and, second,

Sanskrit ‘udbhāramiyam', which is the past part.

pass. of the verbal base ‘udbhāri' (or udbhāraya), the causal of the original base ‘udbhara'; and’ud bhara' is the base of the root ‘udbhri’ from which

the past part. pass. “udbhrita' is derived, which in its turn gives rise to the Gaurian secondary base ‘ubha' and secondary verb ‘ubhanà.’ The Sanskrit original base ‘udbhara' with 3rd pers. sing. pres. ‘udbhari’, &c. would be in Gaurian ‘ubhara', ubhare', &c.; but all these forms have

that the two verbs ‘ubhanā' and ‘puganā’ are con

jugated identically; e.g., in Naipāli, as “ubhikana' having risen, so “pugikana' having arrived; as

‘ubhyo’ risen, so “pugyo' arrived, etc. Putting this together we must conclude, that as “ubhanā' is derived from “ut' and the root *bhara' (or bhri), so ‘puganā’ is derived from ‘pu' and the root kara' (or kri); that, in fact, the element ‘ganā’ is a pho netic modification of kanā and is a verb formed

from a secondary base derived from the past part. passive of the original verb “kara.” This participle in Sanskrit is ‘krita, in Prākrit ‘kida’ or ‘kia, in Gaurian ‘gya’ (or kya), a form which we


 * The same Sanskritic or Prakritic causal is preserved in the Gaurian verb ‘sambhälanã, to keep, to support. For ‘sambhā

lanā' is the Skr. sambhāranīyam, Prák. ‘sambhārayiam,' the 3rd pers, sing. pres. is ‘sambhāle,” Prák. ‘sambhārei, or ‘sambhāredi, Skr, ‘Sambharayati,' etc.