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 282 THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY. [Septehbeb, 1875. matter : it begins with the nature of Ptolemy's data, and the manner of dealing with them. The data he thinks must have consisted of (1) coasting itineraries of seamen or merchants ; (2) routes of foreign traders or travellers ; (3) lists of rivers, with the mountains in which they ri.se ; and (4) partial lists of the nations of India. Much of this material " was before Ptolemy on]y in the form of maps already compiled. His process seems to have from these, and from the other data in his possession, to compile his own map, modified by his judgment and his theories : then to cover this with a graticule of meridians and parallels ; and finally to draw up his tables, and the miscellaneous particulars embodied with his tables, directly from the map as it now lay before him. An illustration of this process is seen in Ida anonymous tributaries of the Ganges and Indus, of which ho assigns the exact Bources and con- fluences, in latitude and longitude, whilst he cannot give their names. Plainly, he took these numerical indications from the map before him, and the streams themselves in the first instance from maps already compiled or sketched by others." Material apparently so derived must then be dealt with cautiously, and not made arbitrarily to cover the whole surface of India, which coidd not all be equally well known to him. Moreover, his divisions, as Col. Ynle remarks, "are hetero- geneous. .Some are political; such as Pandion't Kingdom, and probably Larlke and Arialcc. Mon- golia may be a foreigner's handy generalization, - die Carnatic' j lu.lj-Skythia may be either of these ; a great part are ethnic, and seemingly derived from what we may call Pauranic lists, e.g. PhyUitae, Ambaetae; some from the same lists are no divisions at all, ethnic or otherwise, but mere indications of peculiar communities, such as Papas as or ascetics in the irn Khandesh, and GytnuosopkUia, probably similar gatherings of eremites about Hard war." Then Ptolemy had no ineaiis of properly co-ordinating the various materials he had, so that, in various instances, cities said to belong to certain nations really did not ; and to overlook this, as Lassen has apparently done, is sure to lead to mistakes. Colonel Yule would be the last to suppose that even all the identifications he himself has not marked as doubtful will be accepted as final ; but many of them are such as will be generally re- ceived as satisfactory. "VYe can only notice a few Of them. When we attempt to identify Ptoli mouths of the Qooyris and Binda, " we shall find", ho says, " that they are the mouths of the strait that isolates Salsette and Bombay", and he agrees with Mannert that " the names Goaris and Binda iv.My stand for C-odavari and Bliima, of which Ptolemy had got an inkling from some Dekhan itinerary, naming the rivers but not their direction." So far as the Goari* is concerned this is satisfactory, for N a s i ka and Baiihana or Paithana are both placed on it, or rather on the river from which it takes off. The Binda, which Lassen identifies with theV a i t h a r n a river in the North Konkan, we might be inclined to pega nl as the K a m w a d i, or B h i v a n d i creek, which falls into theTh&na creek, were it not that it is 60 small a stream. The estuary of the TJ 1 a s, however, seems to snit as well, as far as locality is concerned, and it is a noble river from the point of junction with the Kaln, eight miles above Kalyan, to its entrance into the Thana creek ; but if Ptolemy's Buula cannot be identified with either of these, there fa no serious objection to, and even a probability in favour of, Col. Yule's sugges- tion that it must stand for the Bhima. Tynna and Mmoius he would identify with thePinuka or Pennar aui the Krishna. The Onulia iuoun- tains, hitherto identified with the" Eastern Gha$s f Yule makes the Yaiduryaor northern section of the Sahyadri range, and with apparently good reason. The west coast line was, of course, the best known of any part of India to Alexandrian mer- chants, and much attention had been given by Dr. Vincent and others to the geography of the Peri- pfe«, Ac and the identification of the ports on it. but with loss success than might have been ex- pected. Nwaripa, Suppara, T • .-Vi>, &c, were either not identified at all, or incorrectly. That the first two are represented by Nans&ri and Su par a (a little north of Basscin) was first pointed out in an ephemeral tract* a few years a "°; ;i - is now shown to be not Jinn - galur, but M u y i r i. K o <J u, opposite to k'n-lan- galiir; Tpidisma.y be Kadalun.il i. /.-. Kadal T u ad i, a few miles north of Ta nur, near Bcpur ; and NelfojitJa the same as K a 1 1 a d a ; while the i of Limyrlh | Uftvpuaj), or rather Aifivpimy— be Tamil-speaking country | and Ariake the Aryan-speaking conn- py, Simylhi emporium, also call. . and by the Arabs CaimurorJaimur, which Kiepert has at Bassein, is removed to Chaulf— a much more satisfactory identification. Other position*, however, must still bo considered very doubtful. Saeantwm is placed at Sujintra near K h & m bay; Dr. J. Wilson had previously suggested Aj:< but might it not have been the same as 8 4 u c h i in BhopalP Bardaxima.v .tare made to Mlntl^L™^ PP " "* ** M8j Y **