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cent., in twelve years. Classified according to religion, the population of the city and cantonment stood as follows in 1881 :—-Hindus, 155,330 ; Muhammadans, 99,152; Jains, 338; Christians, 6253 ; and ‘others,’
 * 40. Males numbered 139,105, and females 122,198. The European

element in the city is unusually large. The Hindus number three- fifths of the population, the Kayasth and Baniyé castes forming a con- siderable proportion. Many pensioners of the British Government and of the former Oudh kings reside in the city. The Lucknow Musah méns are chieﬂy Shizis, that being the recognised orthodox sect under the Nawabs.

Comment and Trade, (It. —'l‘he traﬁic of Oudh ﬂows southward from Bahramghat and Faizébéd through Lucknow to Cawnpur. Large quantities of grain and timber come in from the transaGogra Districts, while raw cotton, iron, and imported goods go northward in exchange. The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway, with its branches, has a station in the town, and gives direct communication with Benares, Bareilly, and Cawnpur, as well as connecting with the Great Trunk lines to Calcutta, Bombay, and the Punjab. The railway has given a great impetus to trade. The chief country imports consist of wheat and other grains, (“J/Ii, gn'r or molasses, sugar, spices, oil-seeds, and tobacco; besides which a large quantity of European piece-goods, etc., are brought into the town.

Manufactures are carried on to a considerable extent; the chief pro- ducts being those which call for the oriental combination of patience, industry, minute manual skill, and delicate taste in the management of colour. Lucknow muslins and other textile fabrics have a high reputa- tion, some 30 small establishments being engaged in this trade. Gold and silver brocade, however, made of small wires, forms the leading manufacture. It is used for the numerous purposes of Indian pomp, and has a considerable market even in Europe. The gorgeous needlework embroidery upon velvet and cotton, with gold thread and coloured silks, also employs many hands. Lucknow jewellery, once very famous, has declined since the departure of the court. Glass-work and moulding in clay still maintain their original excellence. A Kashmin' colony has introduced a small manufacture of shawls. The only enterprise con- ducted by Europeans is an ice-making concern. 'I‘ he railway workshOps, however, employ many hundreds of workmen, including several pupils of the Martinii-re school, besides other Europeans and liurasians. The principal markets are—the grain markets of Fatehganj and Digbijaiganj, lying to the west ; Rakabganj, at the south end of the Canning road; Saddatganj, in the south-nest ; and Shahganj, near the new Victoria road. Imported cotton and salt are set down at Saddatganj. Molasses is sold at the Nakhkhas market, and leather in the Chiltmandi. A paper factory has recently been established in the city.

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