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538 PALANPUR AGENCY, THE. Commerce and Trade. --The chief articles of trade are — Exportssaltpetre, grain, rape-seed, sesamum, cotton, attar of chámpa (Michelia champaca), and of ker'da (Pandanus odoratissimus), cattle, and ghí. Imports – tobacco, fruit, spices, molasses, sugar-candy, sugar, cotton, and silk cloth. The estimated yearly value of the whole trade, which is about equally divided between exports and imports, is estimated at from £100,000 to £150,000. The exports go chiefly to Márwar, Cutch, Káthiáwár, Gujarát, and Bombay. The imports come from Bombay, Kaira, Márwár, Ahmadábád, and Páli. Trade is carried on at permanent markets, the leading trade centres being Pálanpur, Radhanpur, Dísa, Sami, and Munjpur. Horses are bred by large landlords (tálukdirs and jágirdárs), and by well-to-do cultivators. The horses sell at from £3 to £30. No made roads, but cross country tracks exist within the limits of Palanpur Agency. The Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway crosses the north - east corner of the Agency for about 30 niiles. The chiefs of Palanpur and Rádhanpur States are invested with full criminal and civil powers, and in matters of revenue are almost independent. Over them, the Political Superintendent exercises only a general supervision; but over the remaining u petty States it was necessary to appoint karkúns, now called thánúdárs, six in number, who are invested with power to try petty criminal suits, and to decide civil suits up to £25 in value. There are also two European Political Assistants who have higher powers, above whom is the Political Superintendent, who is the highest executive and appellate authority. But appeals in important cases lie to the Commissioner of the Northern Division, Bombay Presidency. In Pálanpur and Radhanpur towns are local courts, from whose decision a final appeal lies to the chiefs in person, who follow codes of their own, based on British-Indian laws. The Thákur of Tharád has been appointed a magistrate of the first class, and has powers to decide civil suits up to £100 in value. The Ráná of Wao has also been invested with lesser civil and criminal powers; and a few of the minor chiefs have been invested with powers suitable to their rank and intelligence. In 1882-83, the estimated gross revenue of the States of the Agency amounted to £124,950. The tributes paid amounted to £5512, 145., all to the Gáekwár of Baroda. The average daily attendance at the 29 schools in 1882-83 was 1354 pupils, and the amount spent on education was £922. The States of the Agency decided in June 1882 to defray all educational expenses, receiving in return all school fces, and agreed that the expenditure shall be regulated by proposals of the Education Department. It is proposed to establish a tálukdári school at Pilanpur for the education of young chiefs. In 1882-83,