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ORISSA TRIBUTARY STATES. 477 2 confirmation; and it is the Government alone that can imprison or punish a Chief. The treaty engagements entered into by the Rájás are generally of the following nature :—Besides holding themselves in submission and loyal obedience to the British Government, they are bound on demand to surrender any residents of Orissa who may have fled into their territories, also any of their own subjects who may have committed offences in British territory; to furnish supplies to British troops when passing through their territories; and in case of any neighbouring Rájá or other person offering opposition to the British Government, they are on demand to depute a contingent of their own troops to assist the forces of Governinent. Each Rijá pays a small tribute, now fixed in perpetuity, and bearing a very small ratio to his total income. In return for this tribute, they are assured absolute security from foreign enemics, from domestic rebellions, and from intertribal feuds. In one case, that of Angúl, a Chief has been dispossessed for waging war; but his family enjoy pensions from Government. In another, that of Banki, the Rájá was convicted of flagrant murder and his estate confiscated. Both these States are now under direct Government management, the revenues being collected, and the affairs of the State generally managed, by a receiver (tahsildir). The other 17 States still remain under their native Chiefs, or are temporarily managed for Chiefs in their minority; and the only cases of English interference have been to prevent the aggression of the strong upon the weak, or to support the authority of the hereditary Chiefs against their domestic enemies. In 1885, Baramba, Dhenkanal, and Vorbhanj were administered for minor chieftains, Education in the Tributary States is backward, as compared with its progress in British Orissa. The number of boys of school-going age at school in the British territory is one in three; in the Tributary States it is one in eight. In 1883, the number of aided primary schools was 1060; and the number of pupils, 13,667: indigenous schools, 10; pupils, 124. There were also 4 middle English and 8 middle vernacular schools in 1883, with an aggregate of 714 pupils. The aided and inspected primary schools are gradually absorbing the indigenous institutions, owing to the latter seeking enrolment in order to obtain the benefits of the payment-by-results system, which is in a modified form applied to Angúl, Dhenkanal, Morbhanj, and Keunjhar States. Two schools in the Christian village of Chhágan in Athgarh are supported by contributions from mission funds. In most of the States, the lower primary schools are left entirely to themselves, and are wholly supported by the people of the locality. The total expenditure upon education in the Tributary States in 1883 was £4157, of which the British Government contributed £278. The number of civil and revenue suits instituted during 1883 was