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396 VORTII-IVESTERN PROVINCES AND OUDH. saddlery and harness ; Saharanpur, leather-work in articles made from the skin of the sámbhar deer; Benares, silk and cotton fabrics of two kinds-a thick woven brocade and a thin silk fabric-both made of silk and silver thread so as to form patterns of great variety and beauty (number of firms 417, number of workmen 2926); Farukhábád and Kanauj, calico chintz fabrics ; Mírzápur, carpets (value of out-turn in 1883, £5000); Kálpi, paper of two kinds, bakkar and mahajal; and Jaunpur, scent, expressed from the til seed. Factories and Manufactures by Steam. — Seventeen large private factories in the Provinces are worked in whole or part by steam. Cawnpur has 3 cotton mills, 2 woollen mills, and I soap factory; Lucknow has a paper mill; Meerut, a soap factory; Allahabad, a steam foundry ; Shahjahánpur, a rum and sugar factory; and Lucknow, Masúri, and Naini Tál, breweries. The number of indigo factories in 1884 was 1963, owned by 153 Europeans and 1810 natives ; average number of employees, 84,172; value of out-turn, £1,166,263. There are 22 lic factories in Mirzapur District. Ice factories are worked at Agra and Allahabad. Engineering workshops are supported by the Government at Aligarh and Rúrki; the latter, however, is about to be transferred to a private company. The chief jail industries are clothweaving, carpet-making, blanket-making, tent-making, and brick and tile making, aloe-fibre making, munj twine-making, rope-making, netmaking; basket and bamboo work. Value of total out-turn of jail inanufactures in 1884, £32,500. The Provinces contain little mineral wealth, the quarries being almost entirely confined to the supply of building stone, and of nodulated limestone (kankar) for road metal. A company started to work the iron-ores of Kumkun failed after a few years' trial. Communications. -- The great water - ways of the Ganges and the Jumna formerly afforded the principal outlet for the overflowing produce of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, and they still carry a large portion of the heavy traffic, The Gogra forins the main channel for the grain and cotton of Gorakhpur, Basti, and Azamgarh, and for the forest products of Nepal. But a network of railways has now superseded the rivers throughout the greater part of the Provinces. The East Indian Railway from Calcutta crosses the Bengal boundary near Baxar, and runs near the south bank of the Ganges through Mirzapur to Allahabad, giving off a short branch at Mogul Saríi to the shore opposite Benares, and to Ghazipur from Dildarnagar. From Náini junction, near Allahábåd, the Jabalpur (Jubbulpore) branch strikes south - Westward, forming the line of communication between Calcutta and Bombay. The main line then crosses the Jumna from Náini to Allahabad, and runs north-westward through the Lower and Middle Doáb, passing