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VORTIIIIESTERN PROVINCES AND OCDII. 393 salt, £13,749 ; wool, £9254 : chief exports to Tibet-cotton, £2790 ; grains, £15,163 ; sugar, £2933. The usual rate of barter is two quantities of borax for one of rice. The borax comes to India by way of Kumáun, wool by way of Dehra Dún, and salt through the Nilangháti, Dharma, and Biáns Passes. The chief imports from Nepal are grains, oil-seeds, timber, gums, and resins; and the chief exports, cotton goods, metals, sugar, and salt. The timber goes by way of the river Gandak. The passes through which the trade with Tibet flows are the Vilanghati, the Mana, the Níti, the Johár, the Dharma, and Biáns. The trade with Nepál flows by nine 'streams of traffic,' for each of which there is a registration post. Transactions in all articles except wood and grains take place through British traders residing at or visiting the Nepálese marts in the Tarai, as the policy of Nepál is to prevent the sales of Nepalese exports taking place in British territory. Transactions in wood are concluded with the Nepalese officials direct; and for rice, engagements are made with the Tarái cultivators, who are usually paid partly in advance, The chief centres of trade in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh are Cawnpur, Allahábád, Mirzapur, Benares, Meerut, Koil, Háthras, Muttra, Agra, Farukhabad, Moradabad, Chandausi, Bareli, Saharanpur, Ghaziabad, Kasganj, Bijnaur, Nagina, Najibábád, Gorakhpur, Ghazipur, Pilibhít, and Shahjahanpur. In 1883–84, the value of the total traffic of Cawnpur, import and export, amounted to over 9 millions sterling. Its trade is mostly in cotton goods and grain. Agra city has a traffic valued at about 4 millions annually. Delhi, although outside the limits of the North-Western Provinces, is, for the purposes of trade registration, as intimately connected with the Meerut Division as Agra is with the Agra Division. The trade of Delhi cones next to that of Cawnpur with an annual total of over 7 millions. In 1883–84, the year for which the most recent figures are available, Cawnpur imported from places inside as well as outside the Provinces, goods to the value of £5,344,278, and exported to places outside as well as inside the Provinces, goods to the value of £4,416,728. Similar figures for Agra are--imports, £2,237,343 ; exports, £1,814,256. Taking the figures for Delhi in the same year, the imports were £4,136,674, and the exports £3,235,980. The traffic of Cawnpur amou one-fourth of the total traffic of the united Provinces. The whole import and export trade of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh in 1883-84 was valued at £28,632,000. Analysis of Trade.-The trade of the North-Western Provinces finds three methods of carriage,—the railways, the rivers and canals, and the country roads, of which the first is much the most important. Agricultural produce contributes about 60 per cent. of the exports and 12 per cent. of the imports. The exports of agricultural produce are made up