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 Reviews of Books MORRIS'S INTERNATIONAL ARBI TRATION International Arbitration and Procedure. By Robert C. Morris. D.C.L., of the New York bar. counsel for the United States before the United States and Venezuela arbitration of 1903, lecturer on international arbitration and procedure at Yale Law School, 1904-1911. counsel to the American Peace and Arbitration League. Yale University Press, New Haven; Oxford University Press. Lon don. Pp. 178+60 (appendix and index). ($1.35 net.)

THIS volume is timely in connection with the topic of general arbit ration treaties and has the merit of execution by thoroughly competent hands. The opening chapter deals with the history of arbitration and shows the antiquity of its origin. In the second chapter there is an inter esting account of the more important arbitrations to which the United States has been a party. This historical matter supplies the writer with arguments for general international arbitration; to il lustrate: — "The assaults made upon American commerce by France and England during the Napoleonic wars were resented here, not only because we suffered great material injury, but because these acts were regarded as insults aimed at our national inde pendence. Yet these same spoliations were submitted to arbitration Indeed, our whole national history fur nishes abundant evidences that the disputes usually prohibited — independ ence, honor, and vital interests — have repeatedly formed the subjects of arbi tration." The concluding chapter out lines very clearly the history of The Hague Conferences, and of proceedings in important recent arbitrations by the Hague Tribunal. Many facts bearing on the subject

of general arbitration have been com pressed within the small compass of this book and accurately and attractively presented. The appendix contains important docu ments chiefly of a procedural nature. JOHNS HOPKINS STUDIES The Closed Shop in American Trade Unions. By Frank T. Stockton, Ph.D., Instructor in Eco nomics and History in the University of Rochester. Johns Hopkins University Studies, series 29. no. 3. ($1.25 cloth, $1 paper.) The Development of the English Law of Conspir acy. By James Wallace Bryan. Johns Hopkins University Studies, series 27. nos. 3, 4, 5. (75 ctt. paper.) The Doctrine of Non-Suability of the State in the United States. By Karl Singewald, Ph.D., Fellow in Political Science in Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University Studies, series 28, no. 3. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Pp. viii. 117. ($1 cloth. 50 cts. paper.)

MUCH information regarding the history and present status of the closed shop is given by Mr. Frank T. Stockton, in a monograph that should be read by every student of labor prob lems. The various types of closed shop are described — the "simple closed shop," the "extended closed shop," and the "joint closed shop." The treatment of the subject is impartial, and even sym pathetic. People who denounce the closed shop need to be reminded that there is no definite type of this device of organized labor, and the practices of the unions in enforcing it vary widely. The closed shop, we are also reminded, should not be confused with the closed union — the union open to all work men does not handicap the employer in obtaining his supply of labor. Taking up the indictments of the closed shop one by one, and the way in which they have been met, the author endeavors to reconcile the two positions by an