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 Review of Periodicals instructions are more accurate expositions of the law, and (2) that the average judge cannot give an oral charge. "With reference to the first proposition it may be observed that written instructions lose in effectiveness what they gain in tech nical accuracy. They are no real guide. Jurors are mostly men who get impressions through the ear and not through the eye. They are not in the habit of critical study of books and papers. . . . "With respect to the second point, we may note, in the first place, that trial judges do in fact charge orally in many jurisdictions to the satisfaction of all." "Statutory Appeal in Illinois." By Dean Oliver A. Harker. 4 Illinois Law Review 81 (June). "The conclusions reached by the Appellate Court on questions of fact in certain classes of cases are never disturbed by the Supreme Court; in other cases but rarely disturbed. In the great majority of them an affirmance in the Appellate Court is followed by an af firmance in the Supreme Court, even where the mooted questions are ones of law. Would it not be wise to so change the law as to make appeals to the Appellate Court final except in those cases which may be certified to the Supreme Court because they involve im portant questions of law?"; "Receiverships and Injunctions." By Prof. John P. Hoyt. Lawyer and Banker, v. 2, p. 24 (June). Referring to the elementary rule that "the rights of no one shall be interfered with with out his having had his day in court," this writer declares that— "Courts should not attempt to save time by a superficial examination of ex parte applications. If the business to be transacted requires extreme diligence let time be econ omized in the trial of cases when both parties are present and can be heard. If Courts of Equity will act as above suggested in the granting of restraining orders and injunctions, and will refuse to appoint receivers without notice, except when it is made clearly to appear that irreparable injury will be suf fered if the appointment is delayed until notice can be given, and that such injury cannot be prevented by a restraining order, little reason for criticism will remain. ' See Evidence. Race Distinctions. "The Separation of the Races in Public Conveyances." By Gilbert Thomas Stephenson. Political Science Review, v. 3, p. 180 (May). A*comprehensive monograph, dealing with the origin of "Jim Crow" laws, and treating of the federal civil rights bill of 1875 and state legislation growing out of it, describing race legislation of the states in three di visions, the separation of the races (1) in steamboats, (2) in railway cars, and (3) in

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street cars. The last of these is at present the field of most active legislation. The following is an interesting and per haps to some extent valuable document on the negro problem:— "The Unknowable Negro." By Judge Harris Dickson. Hampton's, v. 22, p. 729 (June). "Our first problem here in America is to develop the negro into a self-sustaining, wealth-producing, law-abiding member of society. . . A levee camp beside the Miss issippi river will completely disorganize the labor of neighboring plantations. The con tractor cannot get labor, unless he provides whisky and cocaine in plenty." Railroads. "The Minnesota Railway Val uation." By G. O. Virtue. Quarterly Jour nal of Economics, v. 23, p. 542 (May). "Already the valuation made by the Com mission [of the state] has become of the greatest importance in the cases now pending in the federal Court. The Legislature of 1907 enacted a two-cent fare law and a com modity rate law, both of which, it was 'under stood' at the time, the railways would accept without a contest. These laws have, how ever, been attacked, as well as the mer chandise rates put into force by the Com mission in the fall of 1906." Socialism. "Private Property and Per sonal Liberty in the Socialist State." By John Spargo. North American Review, v. 189, p. 844 (June). "Could anything be more grotesque than the application of the word Individualism to the Rooseveltian policies? ... If So cialism represents one side of the issue fought out in our national politics last year, the other side is not Individualism, but Capitalism with its privileges, its invasions of personal liberty, its artificial inequalities and its economic ser vitude of class to class." "Socialism and the Class War." By John Martin. Quarterly Journal of Economics, v. 23, p. 512 (May). "American society is divided not into two classes, but into scores of classes,—divided by economic interest, sentiment, temper ament, training. . . . America is not a country; it is a continent. No more can uniform lines of political action be laid down than they could for England, France, Spain, Italy, and Russia. ... It is a misguiding assumption that we are divided, here in America, into goats and sheep, with the sheep on the right hand of Karl Marx, and the goats on the left." "The Socialism of G. Lowes Dickinson." By Paul Elmer More. Atlantic Monthly, v. 103, p. 845 (June). "With the true socialist Mr. Dickinson has only one thing in common,—the feeling of supreme discontent."