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THE GREEN BAG

HISTORY (Bar of Paris). E. S. Cox-Sin clair writes in the February Law Alagasine and Rtjriew (V. xxxi, p. 171) of " The Bar in France." "There are two great fundamental distinc tions between the constitution of the Bar of England and the constitution of the Bar in France, one a matter of corporate entity and the other a matter of internal government. The Bar of England is one entire body, in practice distributed to some extent into parts or local entities. The Bar in France consists of many distinct local orders, each in theory separate, but each in practice having with the others a singularly close association, and each having in its code of customs a system almost identical with that of its compeers. Again, the Bar of England has as its authority of domestic discipline a group of Four Inns of Court, having no corporate connection with each other, no direct system of representative government, and no direct association with the actual practice of the profession. Each Bar in France, on the other hand, is, regard ing its system of inner control, self-contained; its officers are selected by the members of the order, and it is both one of the governing criteria of the selection, and also one of the results of that selection, that the status of the official should be a status in the active pursuit of the profession. It may be added, that both in England and in France the advo cate is free from state control, and the author ity of the court of justice over his conduct is limited to the expression of an opinion regard ing his attitude, or the course pursued by him, in a particular case. "Now, these differences of constitution and of discipline, if one excludes from consideration the influence of racial .characteristics, and of those incidents which are called accidents, which as frequently intervene in the develop ment of a constitution as in the evolution of a species, are the direct result of several his toric facts." The author then traces the history of the development of the Bar of Paris down to the Revolution. HISTORY (Juries). An interesting account of the trial of " Sir Nicholas Throckmorton" by G. Glover Alexander is published in the February Law Magazine and Review (V. xxxi, p. 184) as an instalment of his series of

articles on " The Province of the Judge and of the Jury." He finds evidence that the de fendant was appealing to the jury to take upon themselves the decisions of those points of law which the judges had so obviously mis construed against him. The article also con tains a beginning of an account of Lilbum's trial. INTERNATIONAL LAW. " Growth of Neutral Rights and Duties," by Edwin Maxey, American Lawyer (V. xiv, p. 55). INTERNATIONAL LAW. A treatise by L. Oppenheim, LL.D.. lecturer on public international law at the London School of Economics and Political Science, etc. 2 Vols. Price §12.00 net. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 1906. The first volume of this work which appeared last year dealt with subjects classified under the general title of " Peace." This second volume is entitled " War and Neutrality." but also includes a section de voted to " Settlement of State Differences." The author carefully discusses the rules of international law in the light of the specific applications and extensions made in the recent great wars in Africa and the East and treats of some subjects not usually included in such a treatise. The text is clear and well arranged and the conclusions seem to the reviewer to be sound. The book will be of value to all who desire a comprehensive knowledge of the principles of international law. INTERNATIONAL LAW. Thomas Batty publishes in the February Law Magazine and Rei'iew (V. xxxi, p. 160) what he de scribes as " Forty Propositions in the Law of Neutrality." This is a collection of forty rules which it is impossible to summarize here. INTERNATIONAL LAW (Consular Courts, China). In the March ^Michigan Law Re view (V. iv, p. 339) Gustavus Ohlinger de scribes " Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction in China." He explains that the Chinese have long been accustomed to the presence in their midst of foreign populations governed by laws peculiar to themselves and, perchance, owing allegiance to a foreign sovereignty. This custom first arose with reference to Arabian traders and has been continued into modern times. It was only in criminal matters that the government reserved to