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 Modern International Law Problems. every local jurisdiction: (i) Places within the ordinary territorial jurisdiction of the courts of any African possession of Her Majesty or of any other non-African power; (2) Morocco, Tunis, Liberia, Zanzibar, South African Republic, Orange Free State; (3) places as to which any other indepen dent order in council is in force; and (4) places subject to the jurisdiction of the Egyptian courts (s. 6). The powers given by the order apply to ( I ) British subjects, that ¡5(5.3) persons enjoying her majesty's protection, including subjects of native princes and states in India; (2) property and personal and proprietary rights within the jurisdiction; (3) foreigners submitting, and whose government has made them amenable to the jurisdiction (s. 10). Civil and criminal jurisdiction is to be exercised céleris poribus in accordance with English law (s. 13); and the Secretary of State may by " instructions " apply to a local jurisdiction the laws or ordinances of any "African possession" of her majesty, in cluding Mauritius (ss. 3, 15). Treaties with respect to places within " local jurisdictions" are to have effect (s. 16), and crimes, breaches of contract, etc., against natives of Africa are cognizable as if affecting British subjects (s. 17). The following local juris dictions have been constituted with a court of appeal, intermediary, in each case, be tween the consulate courts and the privy council: Oil River Protectorate, Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of Lagos; Congo, Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of Gold

Coast; British sphere in East Africa, ex cluding Zanzibar, for which there is a sepa rate order in council, Court of Appeal, High Court of Bombay; formerly Madagascar, Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of Maur itius (see Haggard r. Pelicier Frères), 1892, App. Cas. 6 1 — an interesting appeal to the Privy Council from Madagascar through Mauritius, in which it was held that the judges of courts regulated under tlje Foreign Jurisdiction Acts are entitled to the same protection from suits as courts of record : British sphere north of the Zambesi, Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of Cape of Good Hope. The unit of jurisdiction in each of these territories is a consular court, which is a court of record and also of law and equity, with probate, bankruptcy, admiralty and criminal jurisdiction as well. It is presided over by the consul-general, or the consul, or vice-consul or judicial officer or commissioner. Sentence of death by the consular court must be confirmed by the secretary of state. The order con tains minute provisions — based on English law — as to procedure. A careful study of this and other orders in council under the Foreign Jurisdiction Acts throws an in teresting sidelight on the application of the law of civilized countries in uncivilized or semicivilized communities. The English Orders reach a high level of judicial expres sion and of range, and are worthy of the atten tion of countries in which foreign jurisdiction is beginning to develop.

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