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400 where minds are big and means are small, and where a prudent parsimony makes a penny go as far almost as twopence-halfpenny go in England. A German local judge in the lowest and second courts of first instance has from, £120 to £300. The salary of the president of a local court of the second in stance ranges from £325 to £525. The head of the Court of Appeal has £700 and an official residence; divisional presidents have from £375 to £495; and puisne judges from £240 to £330. In the Imperial or highest Court of Appeal the ordinary judges have £600 a year, and the president £1,250 and an official residence. In France (with 18,650 judges) the salaries of the nine classes of local judges range from £7$ to £320; in Austria and Holland the local judges receive from £150 £250; in Russia from £244 to £350; in Belgium, £120; in Switzerland, £ 180; and in Italy (in an honest way), £ 100.

WHIPPING AS A PUNISHMENT.

HE first mention of whipping as a punishment occurs in the fifth chapter of Exodus, where we find that Pharaoh whipped the officers of the Israelites, when they did not furnish the required number of bricks which they were compelled to make every day.

In ancient times the Romans carried whipping, as a punishment, farther than any other nation, and their judges were surrounded with an array of divers kinds of whips well calculated to affright the offender who might be brought before them. The mildest form of whip was a flat leather strap, called the ferula; and one of the most severe was the flagellum, which was made of plaited ox-hide and almost as hard as iron.

Not only was flagellation in various forms used as a judicial punishment, but it was also a common practice to punish slaves by the same means. The Roman ladies were greater offenders and even more given to the practice of whipping their slaves than the men; for in the reign of the emperor Adrian a Roman lady was banished for five years for undue cruelty to her slaves. The practice of whipping was in fact so prevalent that it furnished Plautus, in several cases, with incidents for his plots. Thus, in his " Epicidus," a slave, who is the principal character in the play, concludes that his master has discovered all his schemes, since he saw him in the morning purchasing a new scourge at the shop where they were sold.

From ancient times the use of whipping can be traced through the Middle Ages, down to, comparatively speaking, more modern times, when it is easier to find records of the use of the rod.

In Queen Elizabeth's time the whipping post was an established institution in almost every village in England, the municipal records of the time informing us that the usual fee to the executioner for administering the punishment was " fourpence a head." In addition to whipping being thought an excellent corrective for crime, the authorities of a certain town in Huntingdonshire must have considered the use of the lash as a sort of universal specific as well, for the corporation records of this town mention that they paid eight-pence " to Thomas Hawkins for whipping two people y' had the small-pox."

In France and Holland whipping does not seem to have been so generally practised. The last woman who was publicly whipped in France by judicial decree was Jeanne St. Remi de Valois, Comtesse de la Motte, for her share in the abstraction of that diamond necklace which has given point to so many stories.

In connection with the history of flagel