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viii expediency and of national dignity—of recording and certifying national honours and titles, of regulating their conferment, and of controlling their devolution where hereditary. The Foreign Department of the Government of India, being that Department which has charge of the relations of the Paramount Power with the Feudatory States and their Rulers, naturally and properly directs so much of this business of State as cannot by any possibility be shirked. But the question of the very necessary establishment of a Heralds' College, or a Chancery of Dignities, has only once (in 1877) been seriously faced and then its solution was postponed.

The results of this neglect are already deplorable, and must ere long receive the attention of the Government of India. Indian titles are officially defined to be, either by grant from Government, i.e. a new creation by Her Imperial Majesty the Queen Empress through her representative; or "by descent, or by well-established usage." The Government alone can be the judge of the validity of claims, and of their relative strength, in the case of titles acquired by "descent" or by "well-established usage." And it is clear that this Royal Prerogative, to be properly used, ought to be exercised openly and publicly through the medium of a regular College or Chancery. It is, of course, true that the Foreign Department possesses a mass of more or less confidential information, and thoroughly efficient machinery, for deciding all questions of the kind, when such questions are submitted to, or pressed upon, the notice of Government. But when that is not the case, there seems to be no public authority or accessible record for any of the ordinary Indian titles, or for the genealogy of the families holding hereditary titles. Much confusion has already arisen from this, and more is likely to arise. In the Lower Provinces of Bengal alone, there are at this moment some hundreds of families possessing, and not uncommonly using, titles derived from extinct dynasties or from common repute, yet not hitherto recognised formally by the British Government ; and these, sometimes justly, but more frequently perhaps unjustly, are in this way placed in a false and invidious position. The State regulation of all these matters, in a plain and straightforward manner, would undoubtedly be hailed with pleasure in India by princes and people alike.

In equal uncertainty is left, in many cases, the position of the descend- ants of ancient Indian royal and noble families ; as also that of the Nobles of Feudatory States, the subjects of ruling and mediatised princes.

Then, too, there is endless confusion in the banners, badges, and devices that are borne, either by the custom of the country or by personal assumption, by various families and individuals. Tod's learned work on The Annals of The Annals of Rájásthán taught us long ago that badges and family emblems were as