Page:The Foundations of Science (1913).djvu/35

Rh adjustment of our conceptions of things to the internal needs of our intelligence, rather than a grasping of things as they are in themselves.

To be sure, M. Poincaré’s view, in this portion of his work, obviously differs, meanwhile, from that of Kant, as well as this agrees, in a measure, with the spirit of the Kantian epistemology. I do not mean therefore to class our author as a Kantian. For Kant, the interpretations imposed by the ‘forms of sensibility,’ and by the ‘categories of the understanding,’ upon our doctrine of nature are rigidly predetermined by the unalterable ‘form’ of our intellectual powers. We ‘must’ thus view facts, whatever the data of sense must be. This, of course, is not M. Poincaré’s view. A similarly rigid predetermination also limits the Kantian ‘ideas of the reason’ to a certain set of principles whose guidance of the course of our theoretical investigations is indeed only ‘regulative,’ but is ‘a priori,’ and so unchangeable. For M. Poincaré, on the contrary, all this adjustment of our interpretations of experience to the needs of our intellect is something far less rigid and unalterable, and is constantly subject to the suggestions of experience. We must indeed interpret in our own way; but our way is itself only relatively determinate; it is essentially more or less plastic; other interpretations of experience are conceivable. Those that we use are merely the ones found to be most convenient. But this convenience is not absolute necessity. Unverifiable and irrefutable hypotheses in science are indeed, in general, indispensable aids to the organization and to the guidance of our interpretation of experience. But it is experience itself which points out to us what lines of interpretation will prove most convenient. Instead of Kant’s rigid list of a priori ‘forms,’ we consequently have in M. Poincaré’s account a set of conventions, neither wholly subjective and arbitrary, nor yet imposed upon us unambiguously by the external compulsion of experience. The organization of science, so far as this organization is due to hypotheses of the kind here in question, thus resembles that of a constitutional government—neither absolutely necessary, nor yet determined apart from the will of the subjects, nor yet accidental—a free, yet not a capricious establishment of good order, in conformity with empirical needs.