Page:The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma (Butterflies Vol 1).djvu/14

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Fig. 8.—Wings of Ixias (Pieridæ). Veins numbered similarly. I. Fore wing: vein 9 absent. II. Hind wing: veins 1 a-8 present.

Fig. 9, A & B.—Wings (Lycænidæ). A I. Fore wing: veins 7 and 10 absent. B I. Vein 7 absent. A & B II. Hind wings: precostal veins absent.

Fig. 10.—Wings of Tagiades (Hesperiidæ). I. Fore wing: all veins present and, except 1 and 12, originating from cell. II. Hind wing: vein 5 absent.

posterior or lower, refer to the costal and dorsal portions of the wings respectively. Markings are said to be basal when occurring between base of wing and up to an imaginary line crossing middle of cell; subbasal from that to a similar line crossing just within the apex of cell; discal or medial when they occupy the medial third of the wing; and postdiscal, subterminal, and terminal in succession after that.

Legs. These organs, though variable on the whole, are, so far as the perfection or imperfection of the front pair of legs is concerned, constant in the larger divisions of the Papilionina—the families and subfamilies. In the more specialized forms, the fore legs are more or less, sometimes very considerably, reduced in size. In many genera of the Nymphalidæ the fore legs are kept close-pressed to the body, and often appear like mere brushes or tufts of hair; while in nearly all the genera of that family they are useless for walking in both sexes.