Page:The Fall of Constantinople.djvu/136

 118 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. ing an independent Christian state under the suzerainty of the pope. Hence the soldiers of the East and the West re- spectively looked with jealousy on each other's conquests. The pope naturally took the side of the Latin soldiers, and in 1137 ordered all who recognized liis authority to leave Con- stantinople if John persisted in his design of taking possession of Antioch and of the places captured by the Crusaders. The empire continued, however, to be desirous of obtaining the aid of the Crusaders ; and in the reign of Manuel we find the churches of the East seeking the aid of the pope and of the Christians of the West. The favor shown by Manuel dur- ino; the whole of his rei^rn towards the Latin colonies in Con- stantinople — and which was the most unpopular part of his policy — the constant attempts which he made, and especially in 11G6, to bring about a union of the churches even at the expense of the recognition of the supremacy of the Bishop of the Elder Rome, are all indications of that able emperor's de- sire to make as much use as possible of the great religious movement of the West. But the feeling of hostility between the two churches was too strong to allow of a harmonious working together of their respective forces. The great breach in the Christian Church had been, during several centuries, continually widening. The Eastern Church, which was the more educated, had occupied itself with philosophical and the- ological questions with which the churchmen of the West gave themselves little trouble. The West had been more en- gaged with the spread of Christianity than with the accuracy of its teaching. The Eastern called itself prthodox. The Western claimed rather to be Catholic; and the difference in the names by which each chose to be called gives an indica- tion of the difference of the leadin^r tendency of each Church respectively. " The East," says Dean Mil man, " enacted creeds; the West, discipline." ' The East was occupied with specu- ' Dean Stanley points out that the Orthodox Church has a special cel- ebration of orthodoxy, and that at the beginning of Lent the anathemas against heresy take the place of the curses on crimes, -which in the Eng- lish Church are pronounced on Ash Wednesday. — " Eastern Church," p. 22.