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[Bibliographical Note.—The formal history of the period is covered, with the exception of the years 1588-1603, by J. A. Froude, History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Armada (1856-70), and S. R. Gardiner, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War (1863-84). A beginning towards filling the gap has been made in vol. i of E. P. Cheyney, History of England from the Defeat of the Armada to the Death of Elizabeth (1914), in which the organization of the court and administration is very fully treated. For specifically social history may be added J. R. Green, History of the English People (1877-80), an expansion of the same writer's Short History of the English People (1874), and H. D. Traill, Social England (1893-7). Shorter surveys are A. D. Innes, England under the Tudors (1905), A. F. Pollard, History of England, 1547-1603 (1910), G. M. Trevelyan, England under the Stuarts (1904), F. C. Montague, History of England, 1603-60 (1907), all with detailed bibliographies, of which Professor Pollard's is notably full and good. The chief contemporary chronicles are those of Holinshed (1577), Stowe (1580, &c.), and Camden (1615-25), while personalia and Court details are preserved in R. Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia (1641), J. Finett, Philoxenis (1656), E. Bohnn, Character of Queen Elizabeth (1693), and the malicious pamphlets collected by Sir W. Scott in his Secret History of the Court of James the First (1811). Court life is the main theme of L. Aikin, Memoirs of the Court of Queen Elizabeth (1818) and Memoirs of the Court of James I (1822), and of A. Strickland, The Life of Queen Elizabeth (1840), while the best biographical studies of the sovereigns are E. S. Beesly, Queen Elizabeth (1892), M. Creighton, Queen Elizabeth (1896), and T. F. Henderson, James I and VI (1904). Court ceremonies are treated in J. Nichols, Progresses of Elizabeth (2nd ed., 1823). Contemporary England is pictured in W. Harrison, Description of Britain (1577), and W. B. Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners (1865), and the extracts in J. D. Wilson, Life in Shakespeare's England (1911). The studies of social details in N. Drake, Shakespeare and his Times (1817), and G. W. Thornbury, Shakspere's England (1856), are now superseded by the combined work of many collaborators in Shakespeare's England (1916), where special bibliographies on numerous subjects will be found. Shorter books of interest are H. Hall, Society in the Elizabethan Age (1886), H. T. Stephenson, The Elizabethan People (1910), and P. H. Ditchfield, The England of Shakespeare (1917). London may be specially studied in C. L. Kingsford's edition (1908) of J. Stowe's Survey of London (1598) and in W. J. Loftie, History of London (1883), H. B. Wheatley, London Past and Present (1891), T. F. Ordish, Shakespeare's London (1904), W. Besant, London in the Time of the Stuarts (1903), London in the Time of the Tudors (1904), London South of the Thames (1912), H. T. Stephenson, Shakespeare's London (1905), J. A. de Rothschild, Shakespeare and his Day (1906), H. A. Harben, A Dictionary of London (1918), and the publications of the London Topographical Society; Westminster in J. T. Smith, Antiquities of Westminster (1807), and E. Sheppard, The Old Royal Palace of Whitehall (1902); and the royal houses generally in F. Chapman, Ancient Royal Palaces in and near London (1902), R. S. Rait, Royal Palaces