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, speech at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, Yorba Linda, CA, July 23, 2020, https://www.state.gov/communist-china-and-the-free-worlds-future/; and Secretary Pompeo, “State Legislatures and the China Challenge,” speech at the Wisconsin State Capitol, Madison, WI, September 23, 2020, https://www.state.gov/state-legislatures-and-the-china-challenge/.

James R. Kurth, The American Way of Empire: How America Won a World But Lost Her Way (Washington, DC: Washington Books, 2019), pp. 240-247. See also H.R. McMaster, “How China Sees the World,” The Atlantic, May 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/05/mcmaster-china-strategy/609088/.

Xi Jinping, “Uphold and Develop Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,” speech to the CCP Central Committee, January 5, 2013, in Tanner Greer, trans., “Xi Jinping in Translation: China’s Guiding Ideology,” Palladium, May 31, 2019, https://palladiummag.com/2019/05/31/xi-jinping-in-translation-chinas-guiding-ideology/.

For authoritative U.S. sources on China’s human rights record, see the respective annual reports of the U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and the Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC). The U.S. Department of State’s entry on China in the annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices is available at https://www.state.gov/reports-bureau-of-democracy-human-rights-and-labor/country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/. Congress created the CECC in October 2000 with the statutory mandate to monitor human rights and the development of the rule of law in China, and to submit an annual report to the President and the Congress. The CECC’s annual reports are available at https://www.cecc.gov/publications/annual-reports.

Adrian Zenz, “New Evidence for China’s Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang,” Jamestown Foundation, May 15, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/evidence-for-chinas-political-re-education-campaign-in-xinjiang/; Austin Ramzy and Chris Buckley, “‘Absolutely No Mercy’: Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims,” The New York Times, November 16, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html; Sui-Lee Wee and Paul Mozur, “China Uses DNA to Map Faces, With Help From the West,” The New York Times, December 3, 2019 (updated December 10, 2019), https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/03/business/china-dna-uighurs-xinjiang.html; “China Cuts Uighur Births With IUDs, Abortion, Sterilization,” Associated Press, June 29, 2020, https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c; Thomas Lum and Michael A. Weber, “Uyghurs in China,” CRS Report No. IF10281, Congressional Research Service, updated July 13, 2020, p. 1, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10281; Helen Davidson, “Thousands of Xinjiang Mosques Destroyed or Damaged, Report Finds,” The Guardian, September 25, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/25/thousands-of-xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-report-finds; and Mark Mittelhauser, “Goods from Xinjiang: Tarnished by Forced Labor,” U.S. Department of Labor, October 5, 2020, https://blog.dol.gov/2020/10/05/goods-from-xinjiang-tarnished-by-forced-labor.

Specific repressive measures include an elevated police presence within monasteries; ideological re-education of Tibetan Buddhist monks and nuns; arbitrary detention and prosecution of Tibetans; tight surveillance and censorship; and increased restrictions on the use of the Tibetan language in schools. For more, see Human Rights Watch, “Relentless: Detention and Prosecution of Tibetans Under China’s ‘Stability Maintenance’ Campaign,” May 22, 2016, https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/05/22/relentless/detention-and-prosecution-tibetans-under-chinas-stability-maintenance; Chris Buckley, “A Tibetan Tried to Save His Language. China Handed Him 5 Years in Prison,” The New York Times, May 22, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/world/asia/tibetan-activist-tashi-wangchuk-sentenced.html; Thomas Lum and Michael A. Weber, “Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 116th Congress,” CRS Report No. R45956, Congressional Research Service, October 9, 2019, pp. 9-10, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45956; and U.S. Department of State, “Tibet,” in 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, March 11, 2020, https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/china/tibet/. Rh