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THE EOGUE RIVER WARS. 317

to another and permanent reservation, buildings for the chiefs were again to be furnished, and fifteen thousand additional was to be paid to the tribe in five annual in stallments, commencing at the expiration of the previous installments.

The treaty bound the Indians to make their permanent residence in a place to be set apart in the future; to give up firearms, except a few for hunting; to forfeit their an nuities if they went to war against the settlers; to notify the agent of the raids of other tribes and assist in expelling them; to apply for the redress of their own wrongs to the agent put over them; to protect such agent, and to refrain from molesting white persons passing through the reserva tion. The sacredness of property was to be regarded, and all crimes by red or white men were to be tried and pun ished according to the laws of the United States. To pre vent collisions, white people, except those in the employ of the government, were forbidden to reside on the reser vation, and the Indians were required to deliver them up to the superintendent if they disregarded this prohibition. 5 A treaty was also made with the Cow creek band of Ump- quas, which through its contact with the Grave creek band of Rogue-rivers had become troublesome. This band sold eight hundred square miles, about half of which was good farming land, for twelve thousand dollars and a few pres ents.

Two circumstances must be taken into account in pass ing judgment upon treaty makers; the first, that the price offered for Indian territory is not dependent upon its ex tent, but upon its population; and, the second, that to se cure the ratification of a treaty it should not call for too large an appropriation. The whole business of Indian treaties is open to criticism, but this is not the place for it. The people of Rogue-river valley and. the contiguous

3 The names appended to this treaty were Joel Palmer, superintendent of Indian affairs; Samuel H. Culver, Indian agent; Asperkahar (Jo), Toquahear ( Sam), Anac- haharah (Jim), John, and Limpy. The witnesses were Joseph Lane, Augustus V. Kautz, J. W. Nesmith, K. B. Metcalf, John (interpreter), J. D. Mason, and T. T. Tier-