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60] session of its annual meeting to an address, upon some subject of extra-philological interest, by the President for the year. Professor William Gardner Hale, of the University of Chicago, has occupied that position for the year just ended, and his address was given Tuesday evening, July 11, the subject being "Democracy and Education." It was a scholarly exposition of the particular perils to which the higher education is exposed in a democratic environment, and, in the case of our own country, opened a fairly hopeful outlook upon the future. Among the papers read before the Association at its subsequent sessions we may mention the following as of special value: "The Language of the Law," by Mr. H. L. Baker; Vedic Studies," by Professor Maurice Bloomfield; and "The Remote Deliberative in Greek," by Professor W. G. Hale. On Wednesday and Friday mornings, there were held two "general sessions," devoted mainly to the papers offered by distinguished European guests of the Association. These papers included "The Connection between Indian and Greek Philosophy," by Professor Richard Garbe, of Konigsberg; "Helles and Dunkles I im Lateinischen," by Professor Hermann Osthoff, of Heidelberg; "Indogermanische Ablautprobleme," by Professor Wilhelm Streitberg, of Freiburg (Switzerland); and "The Scientific Emendation of Classical Texts," by Professor E. A. Sonnenschein, of Birmingham. Other papers read at these sessions were: "Some Problems in Greek Syntax," by Professor Basil L. Gildersleeve; "The Relation of Philology to History," by Professor M. Bloomfield; and "The Ethical and Psychological Implications of the Style of Thucydides," by Professor Paul Shorey. A paper on "Unpublished Manuscript Treasures," by Mr. T. G. Pinches, of the British Museum, was presented at one of the sessions. Mr. Pinches had made his preparations to be present at the Congress, but was, at the last moment, detained in London by a vexatious lawsuit. A paper sent by Professor Michel Bre'al, of the College de France, had for its subject "Canons of Etymological Investigation," and was made the basis of an interesting discussion, opened by Professor B. I. Wheeler. Another discussion, led by Professor M. Bloomfield, had for its theme the "Importance of Uniformity in the Transliteration of non-Roman Alphabets." The Association, before adjourning, transacted its regular business, and elected Professor James M. Garnett, of the University of Virginia, as President for the coming year.

The meeting of the Modern Language Association comprised two sessions, both on Thursday, July 13. Among the papers presented were: "The Language of the Sciences and a Universal Language," by Professor F. A. March; "German Philology in America," by Professor M. D. Learned; and "The Training of College and University Professors," by Professor A. Rambeau. The American Dialect Society and the Spelling Reform Association had one session each.

The sessions not held under the special auspices of the philological organizations were seven in number, and offered a preponderance of papers upon subjects in the department of oriental archaeology. These papers were collected by Mrs. Elizabeth A. Reed, and to this lady is due a special word of praise for her efforts in behalf of the Congress. Dr. Max Ohnefalsch-Richter, of Berlin, lectured upon Cypriote archaeology; and Professor W. H. Goodyear, of Brooklyn, summarized the line of argument, based upon a study of prehistoric ornament, that has made him a firm believer in the non-Asiatic origin of the Aryans. Both these lectures were illustrated with the lantern. Other speakers and papers comprised in the programmes of these miscellaneous sessions were: "Old Testament History in the Light of Recent Discoveries," by Dr. William C. Winslow, who represents the Egypt Exploration Fund in this country; and "Cleopatra," a lecture by Dr. Samuel A. Binion, of New York.

The following papers (the writers not being present) were among those sent to be read at the Congress: "Greek Ceramography in Relation to Greek Mythology," by Miss Jane Harrison of London; "Schliemann's Excavations," by Mrs. Schliemann, of Athens; "Assyrian and Babylonian Libraries," by Professor A. H. Sayce, of Oxford; "Babylonian and Assyrian Archaeology," by Mr. Hormuzd Rassam, of London; and "Koptic Art and Its Relation to Early Christian Ornament," by Dr. Georg Ebers, of Munich.

The Congress of Historians was called to order by Dr. W. F. Poole, on Tuesday morning, July 11, and was organized by the choice of Dr. James B. Angell, of Michigan University, as President, and Dr. Herbert B. Adams, of Johns Hopkins University, as Secretary. These gentlemen hold the same positions in the American Historical Association, and nearly all the contributors of papers are members of the same Association. The sessions were continued morning and evening for three days, the afternoons being devoted to the Fair at Jackson Park. Notwithstanding the fact that five Congresses were in progress at the same time and under the same roof, the history sessions were attended by several hundred interested auditors, and the Congress was regarded by all as a complete success. Universities and colleges were largely represented in the scheme of exercises. Of the contributors of the thirty-three papers, three were presidents of universities and seventeen were professors, most of them professors of history. Of the other contributors, ten were well-known historical writers, and four were ladies, whose papers were among the most interesting read. It will be seen that amateur historians and sensational theorists had no place in the programme. President Angell was the reader of the first paper, his subject being "The Inadequate Recognition of Diplomatists by Historians." It was listened to with great interest,