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 impieties prevailed among them alone of all the people of Arcadia; and at the time when they made the great massacre, whatever Arcadian cities their emissaries came to in their passage, the citizens of all the other cities at once ordered them to depart by public proclamation; and the Mantineans even made a public purification of their city after their departure, leading victims all round their entire district."

23. Agias, the musician, said that "the styrax, which at the Dionysiac festivals is burnt in the orchestras, presented a Phrygian odour to those who were within reach of it." Now, formerly music was an exhortation to courage; and accordingly Alcæus the poet, one of the greatest musicians that ever lived, places valour and manliness before skill in music and poetry, being himself a man warlike even beyond what was necessary. On which account, in such verses as these, he speaks in high-toned language, and says—

My lofty house is bright with brass, And all my dwelling is adorn'd, in honour Of mighty Mars, with shining helms, O'er which white horsehair crests superbly wave, Choice ornament for manly brows; And brazen greaves, on mighty pegs suspended, Hang round the hall; fit to repel The heavy javelin or the long-headed spear. There, too, are breastplates of new linen, And many a hollow shield, thrown basely down By coward enemies in flight: There, too, are sharp Chalcidic swords, and belts, Short military cloaks besides, And all things suitable for fearless war; Which I may ne'er forget, Since first I girt myself for the adventurous work—

although it would have been more suitable for him to have had his house well stored with musical instruments. But the ancients considered manly courage the greatest of all civil virtues, and they attributed the greatest importance to that, to the exclusion of other good qualities. Archilochus accordingly, who was a distinguished poet, boasted in the first place of being able to partake in all political undertakings, and in the second place he mentioned the credit he had gained by his poetical efforts, saying,—

But I'm a willing servant of great Mars, Skill'd also in the Muses' lovely art.

And, in the same spirit, Æschylus, though a man who had